Thursday 13^th November
Day 70 – Although the interior of the site has now been completely closed and covered over for winter, the good weather continues. Bill therefore managed to get two keen volunteers (Colin and John Needle) willing to help him clear out the ditch in Trench 6 / 6a.

This is the only ditch that fills with water, presumably because the porous bedrock is sealed by the washed in clay. With the constant soaking, the section side and separating baulk had collapsed leaving a right mess. With no significant rain for a couple of weeks the ditch had almost drained although very sticky at the bottom. It seemed therefore a good opportunity to clear it out.

Colin immediately got stuck in on the collapsed baulk between the two trenches. John helped him by removing the full buckets which he used initially to fill the exposed test pits near the backfilled Trench 4. Bill meanwhile concentrated on the base of the ditch exposing more of the bedrock base. He used the material to backfill the trench which had been cut across the entrance to the Ring Ditch. Later as the spoil got deeper, John came down into the ditch to remove all the buckets for both Bill and Colin (also helped with his verbal skills to prevent the diggers from over straining themselves). At the end of the day, with the light fading, a good bit of the bedrock floor had been cleared which will hopefully help to keep the ditch from filling with water and thus prevent further damage. Just a little bit more to do which could easily be achieved with another session.

Saturday 10^th November
Day 69 – The continuing good weather gave the opportunity for the Border Heritage Group to make one more visit, so joining Chris today were Phil Cox, Denise, Cathy and Penny.

The Group continued their investigation into the feature in the area outside the ditch exposed in Trench 3 (now labelled Trench 3d). It was decided that, given the time constraints, the best approach would be to just clean some more of the feature to get a better overall view of it. Penny and Cathy cleaned the southeast end of the trench, which showed a contrast between the two sides of the trench, the southwest side being sandy. Cathy cleaned the top of the loose rubble on the southwest side and discovered that it continues on in that direction. Chris cleaned up more of the northeast edge, and confirmed that the ‘cliff edge’ was curving. Still no finds though to help understand what the feature represents (further work required).

Chris, Phil and Denise experimented with sieving some of the fill from one of the burial pits. 10mm, 5mm and 2mm sieves were used and the results bagged and labelled. Over the course of an hour the process was streamlined, but still a bit of thought will have to go into this process. After a short lunch, they departed at 2:00pm whilst there was still enough daylight to get back to Cheshire.

Thursday 7^th November
Day 68 – Joining Bill today were Andrew, Marlene, Francesca and John Trippier.

Bill asked Andrew to continue where Dave North had been working, extending the cut right up to the stony layer covering the central sandy clay mound. This was to see how the pit Dave had uncovered, related to the area already excavated (which had been presumed to be down onto the natural ground surface). Andrew took the cut down to the level of the pit Dave had excavated. However in doing so, cut into the harder compacted clay we were assuming to be the natural. Cleaning up the surface of the presumed natural layer revealed it to be undulating. Francesca was tasked with cleaning the floor of the rest of the cut including the area already excavated on the southwest side. This revealed mixed areas of light and dark compacted sandy clay which was still producing fleck of charcoal. There was question about whether charcoal could survive in the glacial tilt from before the ice age. If so this could pose a problem for us as, without any other finds, the existence of charcoal has been our only indicator of a manmade deposit. Dating the flecks would tell us for certain, whether this is possible or not.

John T thought the pit Bill excavated in the Trench 1b the previous day, to be interesting and wondered about how the hard floor related to the soft sandy clay Jen had revealing in the adjoining trench. With Bill’s help, he therefore extended this cut in the southwest direction by another metre. This would reveal whether or not the area Jen had discovered, extend further to the northwest. He also cleaned out more of the pit bill had excavated. Extending the cut did not reveal any soft sandy clay, which suggests that Jen’s pit of soft sandy clay is quite localised.

Another early finish as the temperature was dropping as the wind was getting up. However before leaving, some time was spent put more securing stones around the sheeting covering the sensitive areas. Bill also secreted all the plastic boxes containing soil samples under the boardings to protect them during the winter months.

Wednesday 6^th November
Day 67 – Our site has in effect been closed down now. However, as we’re having a spell of good weather and, with some loose ends to tie up, it was decided to have a couple more sessions. Today Bill had Colin, John Needle, Dave North with him, with Patrick joining later in the morning.

Last week’s work involved Colin and Marlene expanding the trench Patrick and Andrew had opened the week before in Trench 3a near the octagonal feature (F4). This work needed to be recorded but it was also an opportunity to expand it further so that a complete picture of the section could be obtained. Dave North therefore worked on the northeast side, breaking the cut through into the already excavated area on the southwest side of the central sandy clay mound. Patrick had noticed a stony layer in this area and thought it could well be the general stony layer we had all across the central area of the site. Bill didn’t think so though, pointing out that the stones were embedded in the soft sandy clay some centimetres below the burning layer. As Dave continued excavating the area, he found the stones continued all the way down to the hard floor of the cut – but then it suddenly dropped away and an area of softer darker sandy clay emerged. As this was excavated, a large piece of what appeared to be charcoal ‘fell out’ (it was difficult to be certain it was charcoal as it wasn’t like the grained pieces we were used to from the burning layer but did marked the fingers ). The piece appeared to be isolated as no more pieces emerged. The area where it came from though seemed to be developing into a pit as it was going below the level of the area already excavated.
Colin meanwhile worked on the southwest of the cut breaking it through into the area on that side which had already been excavated. Last week this area had revealed a sandy patch which Colin found to continue into the already excavated area.

John was initially helping with the buckets but noticed a small strange patch on the northwest side of the cut. The soft sandy clay was darker and the seemed to have charcoal and flecks of bright orange embedded in it. The section though showed it to be sealed at the top by the lighter coloured soft sandy clay. Bill therefore ask John to excavated it down from the top so that its shape in plan could be revealed. This turned out to be small and circular (difficult to see in the photo). John noticed also that here was more charcoal but the flecks of orange, he thought maybe degraded pot, did not amount to much (the feature however was labelled F16).

Bill meanwhile was interested in the work Jen had been doing in the area connecting Trench 1b with Trench 3a. She had previously discovered strange dark brown lines in the bright clay lying under the stony layer. It was decided to leave these till next year as it would need a much bigger area uncovered to understand what these represented. In Trench 1b however she had come across what looked like a pit cut into the harder compacted sandy clay. Bill decided to excavate this and his initial half section revealed to to be quite shallow with nothing to reveal its age in the fill. He therefore continued to remove the rest of the fill which was quite soft with some stones but nothing else.

Before finishing for the day (earlier than usual as in was the WAS meeting in the evening) Bill and Colin were able to take a series of readings of todays work using the dumpy level.

Thursday 30^th October
Day 66 – Only two onsite today, just Chris and Steve, again with a late start. Miserable day with slight drizzle making it impossible to do any work in the very damp trenches. It was clear that some of the more delicate areas in Trench 3a were suffering from all the recent rain, so we decided to apply last years covers over this area. Frank, the land owner, turned up on his quad bike with more covering and some aluminium frames which we used to hold the covers down over the rest of the central area. 

Lengthy debates were held on how to manage the water flow away from all sensitive areas, and by using boxes and supports at key areas, hopefully, the drainage was managed.

Boards and solid sheets were built over the Urn1 and F4 (octagonal feature) area and light covers placed the Trench 1b / 3a area where Jen had been working.

Tuesday 28^th October
Day 65 – Just a short day today, with Bill away, Patrick was in charge. Joining him were Jen, Colin and Marlene with Chris joining later to do a drone survey.

Jen continued to investigate the features she had been recently looking at in the connecting trench between Trenches 3a (on the southwest side) and 1b.

Colin and Marlene extended the trench near the octagonal feature which Patrick and Andrew had opened the previous week. The southwest side of this cut revealed a sandy patch but the northeast 3/4 continued down to a thin gritty grey layer which looked very similar to the stony layers we’re finding all over the site.

As the weather was closing in and the ground quite wet, it was decided to leave early (2.30).

Thursday 23^rd October
Day 64 – Joining Bill and Peter today were Andrew, Jen, Francesca, Steve and Patrick.

Peter having worked on Feature F5 the previous day, continued working on the area around it particularly the supposed cairn feature on the east side of our second urn. He was helped by Andrew working from the southeast side. This didn’t reveal anything significant. Looking at the F5 feature Peter could see that it actually end at two flat stones. Presuming that the feature may continue under these (perhaps a similar situation to F12), he temporarily removed them to see what lay underneath. This didn’t show any evidence that it did so he replaced them. He was also interested in the large patches of whitish sandy clay to the southeast of the feature. Cutting a section across an area of it revealed it to be quite a shallow feature.

Steve carried on working on the area near the supposed cist (F11) numbering more stones before recording and removing them. Chris, although not on site today, had shown Jen how to use the LiDAR function on her iPhone so she was able to record the area before Steve removed the stones. It was noticeable that this layer stones had black staining on them, although not thought to be from burning, perhaps an organic effect like algae. After removing stones Steve noticed that, in the area near the supposed cist, the stones seemed to by lying on the soft sandy clay but further to the southeast more large stones were being revealed at depth.

Jen continued her work on the southwest side of Trench 3a where it connected with Trench 1b. She was helped by Francesca who worked on clean the stony layer in Trench 3a itself. Probing the hole she had created, Bill had noticed that the soft sandy clay went quite deep but right next to it in the area where he had been working, the hard seemingly natural clay was quite high up. This suggested a pit cut into the natural that could predate the Bronze Age phase so Jen set about digging it out. After about 20cm, she came across dark brown lines in the bright clay. The only thing that came to mind was old tree roots but hey seemed too isolated for that. Jen decided to re-open a sondage she had previously worked on close by in Trench 1b itself. This was to see if the pit extend in that direction which it did seem to but she also revealed a dark brown feature in this area too.

Patrick spent a bit of time clearing the octagonal feature (F4) and cleaning it so that it could be recorded before putting it to bed for the winter (he didn’t we would be gaining anything by removing anymore more material). After taking photos and Jen recording it with the LiDAR on her iPhone it was covered up.

When Bill recorded the SW to NE section through the sandy clay mound, he had used the probe where possible to try to detect the natural undisturbed ground surface. The area near the octagonal feature however hadn’t been excavated so he hadn’t been able to get a good reading. Indications though suggested it wasn’t as low as had been detected on either side (perhaps 30cms lower) so he asked Patrick and Andrew to excavated a small sondage in this area. The harder stonier surface soon showed up below the soft sandy clay and sure enough it was lying at a higher level than the neighbouring sections (90cm below the level string compared with 120cm just a metre away to the northeast). There was some doubt however about it being undisturbed natural as small flecks of charcoal were coming out of it (if we have chance perhaps this area needs further investigation).

The general thought had been that, as we are coming to the end of the season, should be looking at how we can protect the site over winter. Frank had promised more boards and Bill had suggested having a raised frame of some kind in the middle our most sensitive area. This was so that when the sheeting was placed over it, the water would run off instead of collecting as it had done last time. It would obviously have to be well anchored to prevent it from blowing away.

Bill was also thinking about Trench 6 / 6a (southern terminal end). When showing people around the site he was conscious that this trench would be quite spectacular if it was cleared revealing it large area of flat stone floor we had previously exposed. As it was the baulk between the two trenches had collapsed, completely burying the floor. Over the summer the trench had sometimes look like a swimming pool, but despite recent heavy rain there was now only a small amount of water in the bottom. This suggested that it was draining albeit quite slowly. Bill however couldn’t persuade anybody to help him remove the collapsed baulk to restore the trench suggesting, perhaps quite rightly, the farmer would do it far quicker. Bill still thought though, by clearing the base of the trench to reveal some of the bedrock floor, the water would drain more quickly thus enabling the walls to dry out and thus experience less damage. After about an hour’s work some of the floor had been revealed but he would have to wait an see if that had any effect on the drainage.

Chris not being available for a couple of weeks and therefore no droning done, Bill thought he could replicate the effect by using his monopole technique (a compact camera with Wi-Fi attached to the end of the extended five metre surveying staff). The fifteen vertically looking down shots were duly sent off to Chris who managed to process them using software he found on the internet and managed to produce a reasonably usable substitute for his drone work.

Wednesday 23^rd October
Day 63 – Slow start today with just Bill and Peter on site but by lunchtime we had four more diggers including Susan, Patrick, John Trippier and Ben. During the morning we also had a visit from Dave North who got the obligatory site tour from Bill.

Peter didn’t wanting to remove any more bone from the pit feature (F12) he’d been working on, so was given the job of investigating Feature F5. This feature was first discovered last year as a dark patch in the surface of the central sandy clay mound which contained flecks of cremated bone. On Day 11 earlier this year, Chris cut a small sondage into which revealed it to be vee shaped. Since then some of the northeast edge has already been removed, the material being added to the others material removed. As Peter trowelled the surface of the feature he seemed to detect two levels and in fact bone had already been collected in two boxes labelled B3 and B6 (Peter assumed B6 was from was from the upper level on the right in the photo). Although Peter was able to retrieve some large pieces of cremated bone was from here, there didn’t appear to be a large quantity coming out of this feature.

Susan continued working on the area that she (and Colin) had worked on in Trench 3a on the northeast side in the area around Feature F10. This area was proving difficult to understand as, although some flecks of cremated bone were appearing, they didn’t seem to be from a particular well-defined feature.

John Trippier continued with his work on Feature F13 removing the last of the material from the bottom of the pit. As he progressed, the size of the pieces grew bigger and bigger and some quite recognisable including a piece of vertebrae, possible shin bone, small bone identified as probably coming from the ear. and another possible piece from the cranium. John now had removed two full large boxes of cremated bone, perhaps enough to represent a full body.

Patrick had one final go at the octagonal feature (F4) just to see if he could confirm that the inner wall went all across the feature, which it seemed to do. He didn’t think it necessary to remove anymore material from it though as it’s probably unlikely that we will learn anything more form this feature. Patrick suggested we get some better protection for it perhaps another board to cover it. Bill noticed that, after looking back at the early images of this feature, it seemed to be losing its original octagonal shape, become more rounded for some reason.

When Ben came Bill asked hi to look at the trench on the outside of Trench 3 where the Border Heritage Group had been working (now labelled Trench 3d). Bill thought it possible that they weren’t likely to pay another visit this year, so thought it would be good to just clean it up and try to reach a conclusion (the question being was it manmade of a natural feature). As he worked on the northeast side, Ben found the fill, overlying the obvious bedrock, to be quite compacted and thought it felt natural to him. This seemed to sway the argument more towards the whole feature being natural. However it was also noted that the sharp edge to the natural bedrock had developed a distinct curve to it.

Thursday 17^th October
Day 62 – Better turnout today with five on site. Joining Bill were Andrew, Jen, John Needle and John Trippier. Heavy rain on the day before had left some standing water in some of the trenches which took a bit of time to bail out but (including some sample bags left in the bottom of the trench). In general though the site was surprisingly quite dry.

Jen continued her work in the newly exposed connection between Trench 3a on the southwest side and Trench 1b. She expanded the hole she had created and deepened it. She also removed some stones from between the hole and where the stones seemed to be dipping down. This seemed to reveal a sloping edge to the stony layer further to the southeast in Trench 3a (not sure what that could mean though).

John N worked on the other side of the trench in this area (first looked at this year on Days 55 and 56). Steve had previously cut a sondage into the soft sandy clay to see if he could find the harder surface which we are assuming to be the undisturbed natural. Assuming that’s what he had found (appearing as a darker colour), John expanded the cut back to the trench wall so that the full section could be seen. We now seem to have two layers of burning in the section which is interesting as we are getting quite close to the octagonal feature (F4).

John T meanwhile carried on his work on the pit on the northeast side of Trench 3a where he had been recovering cremated bone. He completed its half section, revealing again much more bone in the process which he duly boxed and labelled. As with Peter on the previous session, a lot of bone could be seen still in the half section. Obviously this was another major burial. We now have five confirmed major burials on site and probably another when the so called cist has been looked at (which could be the primary burial).

Andrew continued his work on Trench 3b (started on Day 55) extending its depth all along the trench. He also cleaned up the section ready for recording which Bill, with his help, completed in the afternoon. It was noticeable that on the southwest end of the trench (next to the extended Trench 3a) the stony layer seemed to rise up to the level of the plough soil, the mottled layer being cut off by it (but emerging again just it enters Trench 3a).

Tuesday 15^th October
Day 61 – Holidays and illness resulted in only two of us making the site today, just Bill and Peter.

Peter continued with his work on the pit under the two large flats stones (Feature F12) on the northeast side of Trench 3a. He managed to get to the bottom of the pit where he discovered a large amount of cremated bone and charcoal. He boxed and labelled it all as he removed it. After clearing the bottom of the pit, the half section he had created still had a lot of bone in it, some quite large pieces (this was obviously a major burial).

In the morning Bill worked in the southwest side of Trench 3a in the newly exposed connection between it and Trench 1b. Steve had previously dug down into the harder clay at the base of the trench on the southwest side to enhance the section through the stony layer. This harder clay is thought to be the undisturbed natural and Bill, with probing, thought he could detect it rising towards the northwest side of the trench (this was in the area where there were no stones and Jen had detected a stake hole). Sure enough, after trowelling the hard surface was revealed, typically harder clay with small (and one not so small) rounded stones embedded in it. It was strange to see this as it was just where the stony layer seemed to be dipping down. Also, probing in the hole where Jen had removed the stones, was showing quite a deep layer of soft sandy clay – could this be a pit cut in the natural (something to investigate next time).

In the afternoon, Bill worked on the area where Janet had been working, in the section on the northeast side of our second urn (near Feature F5). He cleaned as much as he could of the loose sandy clay from the stones on the edge of what is thought to be maybe a separate cairn. Although the stones could be seen all the way to the bottom of the trench, there was a lot of soft sandy clay embedded in the mound.

Thursday 10^th October
Day 60 – Very changeable weather resulted in just one visit this week but to compensate we were blessed with a good turnout. Joining Bill today were Andrew, Francesca, Peter, Steve, John Trippier and John Needles with Janet joining at lunch time (oh and not to forget Snowy, our site dog showing off his fashionable sports jacket).

Last week Bill had been working on the area near the supposed cist (F11), numbering, recording then removing stones. Steve continued with this work removing stone layers, numbering and recording them before removal. He first removed the large stone 58 then 60 and 62. After cleaning, he numbered the underlying stones – including a new 62 (distinguished from the previous 62 by being underlined – Bill’s fault not seeing it). After recording, he then removed stones 62, 63 and 64 which revealed more small stones. He again numbered these but, as it looked like he was reaching the bottom, decided to leave them for next time.

Jen and Francesca continued working on the trench opened up between Trench 3a on the southwest side and Trench 1b, cleaning the dirt from the stones. Continuing with the thought that this could be a separate cairn, Jen was convinced she could see a pattern of the way the stones had been laid. It was certainly true that a couple of the flat stones seemed to suggest an order in which they had been placed. She therefore concentrated her efforts in an area near Trench 1b where the pattern seemed to be circular, removing a layer of stones at a time (recording the layer each time). This exercise proved that the stony layer in this area was certainly several stones thick. Eventually though, after the last layer had been removed, the underlying layer was revealed to be the usual soft sandy clay.

Francesca worked on the Trench 3a side of this cut and, in the afternoon after Francesca left, Andrew finished cleaning the sidewall section. This showed more of the banding in the mottled clay layer rising towards the southeast, eventually being truncated by the plough (at least four different layers). The ground is sloping here so to get an idea of this, Bill levelled the ranging pole before taking the photo.

When Steve became available, Bill asked him to look at the section in this trench he had previously worked on i.e. the cut through the stony layer on the southwest side. Using the probe, Bill thought he could detected a hard surface just a few centimetres below the bottom of the trench. He asked Steve therefore to take it down about 10cm to see what was there. Unfortunately this didn’t reveal the suspected hard surface, just a harder clay with small stones in it – orange but with a greenie grey mottling. It was typical of the layers we had come across in other trenches when looking for the natural ground surface. Difficult to see in the photograph but the section did reveal quite a stratigraphic sequence. The harder stony clay at the bottom lay under a band of brighter soft sandy clay, then band of darker sandy clay, lying under a band of lighter sandy clay on which the stones were sitting. On top of the stones, where we normally expect the the burning layer, there was a dark soil layer lying under the mottled clay layer. On the left of the photo the stony layer can be seen to be dipping down as it approaches the area where Jen was working.

Meanwhile, on the other side i.e. northeast side of Trench 3a, John T continued with his work on Feature F13 from where he had been retrieving lots of cremated bone. He now thought he had reached the boundary of the pit and so started to half section it (revealing more bone in the process).

Bill asked John N to work on the next feature along i.e. Feature F14. This feature was right up against the sidewall of the trench, so Bill ask him to clean the section wall to see if the pit had cut through the mottled clay or burnt layer. This revealed that the burnt layer continued across the section, meaning that, unless the pit coincidently ended at the sidewall, then the pit must be below the burnt layer, thus older than it. John continued digging down the sidewall towards where John T was working exposing more of the section.

Peter, also working in this trench, continued excavating the pit underneath the two large flat stones (Feature F12). He also now thought he had the extent of the pit on either side. As he worked down the concentration of cremated bone became more intense with large pieces emerging. Eventually a fragment came out which seemed to be undeniably a piece of vertebrae.

Andrew last week revealed a nice section in the sidewall next to our second urn (F2), showing a vertical sided pit with a flat bottom. Later Bill showed that this pit was in fact the pit that contained our second urn. Bill therefore asked Andrew to see if he could find evidence of the pit in other places, particularly in the sidewall on the southeast side. Taking great care not to disturb the fragments of bone poking out of this section, he was able to show the flat bottom of the pit here too.

When Janet arrived she continued to work in the trench she had been working on in the previous week in the area on the northeast side of our second urn (near Feature F5). Some stones had fallen in from the sidewall of the suspected cairn structure, so Janet removed them and cleaned up the section. Previously she had detected darker patches in the sidewall and other variously coloured banding in the sandy clay which she tried to expose for the camera (but difficult to see in the subsequent photo).

Last week Janet had also very kindly donated an endoscope her husband had bought but he didn’t now need. Both Chris and Patrick had tried to use their own endoscope with not much success on the cavities under Features F11 and F12 as the phone screen was difficult to see. This endoscope had a dedicated screen so likely to produce better results. Bill had checked its functionality and formatted its SD card, noting that it had a side camera was well as the forward looking one. He was keen to try it out on our second urn who’s crack was just wide enough for it to get it inside. The result showed the urn to be almost empty and looked to be badly cracked on the opposite side (something to note when we come to remove it).

Thursday 3^rd October
Day 59 – Another good turnout with Jen, Andrew, Francesca and John Trippier joining Bill and Chris with Ben, Susan and Janet joining later. Bill had been wondering whether it was a good idea to leave the tent up over the three days this week but but he needn’t have worried. They guy ropes held and there were no breakages.

Jen helped by Francesca and Andrew continued with her work exposing the stony layer in Trench 3a on the southwest side. Although some large stones had been revealed the issue as to whether this was another possible cairn was not resolved. The work did reveal some very interesting section in the sidewalls. Banding in the mottled layer, instead of being at an acute angle, was now at a shallow angle rising towards the southeast (to be truncated by the plough). This horizontal banding might be expected as the section is at 90^o to the banding on the southeast facing wall of Trench 3a. The result of connecting the two trenches showed there to be a ‘notch’ in the stony layer just where Jen found the stake hole (roughly where the large vertical scale rod is placed in the photo below).

John T continued with the delicate work on Feature F13 removing and boxing more fragments of cremated bone. As he worked down, the density of bone seemed to be increasing and some of the pieces were quite large (in fact one piece could well be a fragment of cranium).

Susan continued were Colin left off examining the stones in the area between F10 and F15 and thought she could see a pattern suggesting a pit. When Ben and Janet arrived Chris put them in the trench revealing the section which Bill is attempting to draw – Janet just to the northeast of our second pot and Ben in Trench 3b. Later Ben took over from Chris examining the potential pit cut into the sandy clay under the second large flat stone.

Bill wanted to progress the area around the supposed cist (F11) so that he could get more information for his drawing. Chris explained the regime they had been using to remove the upper layers of stone. These had been numbered with Tippex, recorded on film before removing and storing them, the idea being that if necessary the pile could be recreated or at least we would have a record of their original locations. Chris had been working in the area on the west side of the central sandy clay mound where there seemed to be a curb or revetment of stones. He had stopped at the edge of what he was thinking was the edge of the cist area. It was agreed with Bill to remove some of the high level stones in this area after first numbering the stones and recording their locations. Once this was done, stones 53, 54, 55 and 61 were removed. This revealed nothing particularly exciting, just more stones – more work to be done next time.

Wednesday 2^nd October
Day 58 – Joining Bill and Chris today where Jen, Christine, Peter, Colin and John Needle.

In Trench 3a on the southwest side, we had exposed a good section of the stony layer but, to answer the question about whether it was more than just a stony layer, we realised we would need to expand the trench in the northwest direction. While Bill waited for the sun to go behind a cloud so he could get a good photo of the southeast facing section wall (which had intriguing banding), Jen and Christine, working on the other side of the baulk (in Trench 1b) were able to remove the top soil in preparation for its complete removal. After having taken his photo, Jen and Christine helped by John N and Bill removed the rest of the topsoil connecting Trench 3a with Trench 1b. They soon got down through the mottled clay layer, down to the top of the burnt layer which Chris duly recorded. On the way down Jen came across an unusually large piece of shale and a significant piece of charcoal, which Bill bagged and labelled for possible future dating. Removing the rest of the mottled and burnt layer the stony layer began to emerge. By the end of the day most of it had been exposed revealing one or two more large stones.

Meanwhile in Trench 3a on the northeast side, a decision was made to lift the second large flat stone (the one with the cavity under it) the first have already been lifted. Unfortunately there was nothing spectacular revealed under it, just small stones compacted into the soft sandy clay (similar to the first flat stone). There was a smearing of black which could be an organic deposit rather than charcoal as, when Chris and Peter commenced trowelling, it soon disappeared. #however, lifting the stone enabled Peter to explore the cavity, trowelling down until fragments of cremated bone started to appear. The profile of a cut in the soft sandy clay, filled with small stones, could just about be made out in the section. As is becoming the practice, all material from the fill was bagged and labelled for possible future sieving.

Colin continued working between Features F10 and F15 where he had found small fragments of cremated bone the day before. As he moved more stones more small fragments emerged. It was clear that these were laying under the stones (or at least amongst them). This had implications for the rest of the bones in this area i.e. it seems too much of coincidence that two periods of burials area occurring in almost the same place. Peter said he thought the sandy patches containing the bone appeared under the mottled layer but Chris wasn’t so sure. Having made an extensive photographic record of this area during its excavation, he said he would check it to see if the issue could be resolved.

Bill was intrigued by the cut Andrew had discovered in the northeast facing sidewall next to our second urn (F2). He therefore took a fresh look at the area around the second urn to see if he could resolve the issue as to whether the pot had been buried in the sandy clay mound when it was created (current theory) or whether it was buried in the cut revealed on the southeast side. After cleaning the surface it became obvious the later was the case – in fact the brown fill of the cut could be seen going down the side of the vessel on the northeast side. It wasn’t as clear on the southwest side so it’s understandable why this was missed when the urn’s wall was exposed last year.

Just before lunch we had a visit from Jim Meehan and friend Jan Bannister. Bill gave them the usual site tour but what was intriguing was that her son was studying forensic anthropology and thought the professors at the university would probably interested studying some of our cremated bone fragments. She said she would see if she could arrange for him to visit.

Tuesday 1^st October
Day 57 – Despite a very wet Monday our site today was surprisingly dry, apart from a few puddles which were easily mopped up. Joining Bill and Chris were Andrew, Steve, Colin, Peter and Jen. Bill wasn’t sure whether to bring the tent, but drizzle at lunchtime vindicated his decision to bring it.

Jen continue with her work in Trench 3a on the southwest side, helped today by Steve. She worked on the northwest side where she had discovered a depth of stones suggesting something more than just a layer of stones. Bill asked Steve to continue where John N had been working on the southwest side. By removing the stony layer on that side, a section through this area of stones would hopeful reveal its nature. When Steve reached the larger stones, he dug down down till he reached the underlying orange soft sandy clay. This revealed that, although the stony layer wasn’t deep in this area, below it was a thick layer of dark brown sandy clay. Working on the northwest side, Jen revealed more of the stones and also the section was showing a deep layer of dark brown sandy clay laying above the stones. This went around into the northeast wall of the trench.

Chris and Colin worked on the sandy patches in Trench 3a on the northeast side where fragments of cremated bone have been found. Chris continued on the patch where John T had been working i.e. Feature F13 carefully removing more fragments. Colin meanwhile worked on the around Feature F10 and, as he removed some of the stones, more small fragments of bone appeared. It wasn’t clear however whether they where under the stones or in small patch of sand. We are fairly sure that the sandy patch near the side wall (F14) and the next one along (now labelled F15) were clear of stone but the new area seemed to be lying in an area of stones therefore may be under the stony layer. It is important to resolve this as it will be key to understanding the mounds sequence of construction.

After last week’s operation to remove one of the large flat stones in this trench, a plan to remove the other stone was discussed. It was decided first to investigate the cut along side them, as Peter had detected small stones embedded in its soft sandy clay base. As he clean the surface the small stones began to appear but he didn’t seem to think it was a specific layer. It did appear though to be in a darker band on soft sandy clay. Bill commented that he had come across similar stones at the bottom of other trenches and had assumed it to represent the natural ground (although perhaps cleared of all vegetation before the sand of the mound had been deposited). It did seem to be rising though towards the central sandy clay mound. Bill said he had come across similar layers at the base of other trenches where he had been looking for the original ground level.

Chris asked Andrew to look at the area around our second urn (F2) as Chris thought he could see a possible cut in the section of the sandy clay sidewall on the northwest side of the urn (if so, it would mean the pot had been inserted in the sandy clay mound rather than being buried with it, as we have been always assuming). After Andrew had cleaned the wall, the apparent cut disappeared, revealing it to be just a result of weathering. The northeast facing sidewall however was close to the the dark brown patch containing charcoal and cremated bone Chris had revealed when investigating the Sondage S5 extension. Chris therefore asked Andrew to clean that surface to see if the patch could be seen n the section. This revealed quite a distinct profile in the section so Chris asked him to remove more of the wall a few centimetres at a time recording the profile it as he went along. This surprisingly revealed an even larger square shaped profile representing a cut in the sandy clay mound that had been filled with charcoal and cremated bone. As he went along, Andrew made sure he bagged and labelled all the material coming out of the cut for possible future analysis.

Friday 27^th September
Visit by Ben Dyson, senior planning archaeologist from GMASS (Greater Manchester Archaeology Advisory Service).

Only Patrick was available to take him around but Chris had prepared a series of questions for him, here are his answers.

Q. How can we work out which stones are in situ and which have moved and from where?
A. No idea.
Q. We have a series of possible overlapping stone piles (particularly around F11 possible cist) . How best to proceed?
A. Dismantle them very carefully, taking pictures/making drawings at each stage.
Q. The large stone under the possible cairn on the southeast side of the central sandy clay mound – is this an earlier feature or foundation for the stone pile?
A. Good question.
Q. (cremated bone fragments found in sandy patches and pits) Are these ‘token’ burials? (an article in Current Archaeology talks about these in excavations on the New Ross bypass in southern Ireland).
A. Very likely.
Q. Capped stone filled pit (F12). How best to proceed?
A. Remove cap stones and then carefully excavate the potential pit beneath, attempting to find the sides and bottom of the pit to determine its size and shape.
Q. V-shaped cut (F6). What could this be?
A. Didn’t know, but was interested in what the fill was (said we’d let him know).
Q. Trench 3 ditch or pit on outside of main ditch – man-made or natural?
A. Really don’t know. Not really seen anything quite like that before.
Q. Urn 1 How do we proceed.
A. This needs lifting. The suggested method is to excavate around it, wrap the pot with bandages (not cling film and plaster of Paris as this can cause too much damage in their removal). Dig right down to the bottom of the pot, then a couple of inches deeper and slide a spade underneath. Ben has done this before and said he would be prepared to supervise the lifting when we were ready.
Q. Octagon feature (F4)
A. Never seen anything like that before. He agreed that the conclusion that it was a stone-based clay-lined pit was probably correct, but had no idea about the wall through the middle.

Ben took a good few pictures while he was there. He’s hugely impressed with the site and also with the excavation. He said he’s happy to take questions from us at any time or to offer advice. His last words were that he was happy that the site was in safe hands.

Wednesday 25^th September
Day 56 – Good turnout today despite the forecast of rain in the afternoon. On site with Bill and Chris were Jen, John Needle and Peter with John Trippier, Ben and Patrick joining later.

With the excitement of a possible cairn on the southwest end of Trench 3a there was a concerted effort to see if this could be confirmed. Jen and John N with Ben joining later , all worked on the removing the overlying mottled clay layer to reveal the stony layer below. This revealed some possible hints with one or two larger stones lying in a vertical position. It must be noted that, apart from the clear evidence of burning in the upper layers of the mottled clay (Bill took a sample before it was removed), there was little or no sign of burning lying above the stony layer. John N worked the southwest edge of the stony layer to see if he could reveal any evidence of underlying stones which suggest a cairn. As far as he got he could see not sign of a deeper layer in that area (will probably need a section through it).

When Patrick arrived he worked on the southeast side of this trench where Steve had been working the previous day. He managed to get down beyond the burnt layer without revealing anything unusual.

John Trippier meanwhile continued where Chris had been working the previous day on Feature F13 on the northeast side of Trench 3a. Chris had started to half section the dark brown sandy patch containing cremated bone. John continued with this operation but the going was slow due the the amount of bone coming out of it.

Peter meanwhile continued where Colin had been working the previous day on the two large flat stones on the northeast side of Trench 3a. Colin had discovered a cavity on the northwest side of the second stone and Chris had used his endoscope to peer inside. This hadn’t reveal much so Peter continued excavating around it. In the afternoon it was decided to lift one of the stone, the choice being the first stone as this would present the least difficult recording (before the expected rain came in). This revealed nothing in particular, just more small stones embedded in soft sandy clay. After cleaning the stones, the large flat stone was replaced. We managed to get more done today than expected as the rain thankful came in quite late in the afternoon.

Tuesday 24^th September
Day 55 – We seem to be in a period of very changeable weather so we were lucky to get out today. Joining Bill and Chris were Jen, Andrew, Colin and Steve.

Everybody today worked on Trench3a. While Jen and Steve worked on areas on the southwest side, Chris and Colin worked on areas on the northeast side.

Chris continued where John Trippier was working last week on a patch of dark brown soft sandy clay (Feature F13). John’s last trowel had produced a quantity of cremated bone so Chris decided to half section it. This process was very slow as more bone appeared as soon as he started trowelling. Last week Chris had been working on the northwest side of the second large stone of the Feature F12 where he had discovered an area of small stones. He therefore asked Colin to continue investigating this area removing the overlying burnt layer from the surrounding stones. This showed that the small stones extended to the area on the northwest side of the first stone of this feature. As he worked down through the small stones next to the second stone, a small cavity emerged extending under the stone (to match the cavity on the other side of the stone).

Meanwhile Bill asked Andrew to expose the section in the trench connecting Trench 3a with Trench 3b. This was so that Bill could complete his drawing of the section.

Bill also asked Steve to do the same thing on the other side of Trench 3a (i.e. the southwest side) cleaning up the southeast wall. Bill had already drawn this section last year and had found it quite complicated, even thought he had detected a section of the stony layer in it (this is why Bill was of a mind that the seemingly isolated stony layer in that area was not a separate cairn as Chris was thinking). When Steve had finished clean the section Bill had to admit there seemed to be little evidence of the stony layer in the section. However it did show how complicated the layering was on that side. As this area is very close to the octagonal feature (F4) where Patrick had also been finding complexed layering in the section next to it, it was decided to investigate it further by extending the trench in the southeast direction by another couple of spade widths. By the end of the day Steve had got through most of the mottled clay layer without finding anything of note.

Meanwhile Jen was asked to continue where Bill had been working the previous week on the northwest side of this trench (Trench 3a on the southwest side). Bill had exposed the stony layer seemingly to have confirmed that this layer was connected to the general stony layer. Jen extended the exposed area to the end of the trench. Bill then ask her to half section the small stake hole he had found in the underlying soft sandy clay. To do this she trowelled down through the sandy clay on the east side of it. As she neared the bottom of the stake hole a small cavity appeared but to Bill surprise she had also uncovered quite a depth of stones, more than the thin layer we usually get with the stony layer – could Chris have been right all along that this area of stones was in deed a separate cairn.

Patrick wasn’t available today but later in the afternoon Bill got a phone call from him to say Ben Dyson from GMAAS wanted to visit on Friday to look at our new discoveries. As we also wanted him to help us with removing at least one of our urns, Bill decided to clean up Urn No.1 as it had acquired a layer of moss (Bill thought this had formed due to the plastic sheet covering it which was retaining the moisture. He therefore arranged for a plastic tray to cover it which he hoped would allow it to dry out). As he carefully clean of the moss for the side of the urn, the soil fell away revealing more of the surface. This, to Bill surprise, showed the vessel had a conical shape, narrowing as it went deeper down, revealing in fact that the urn was the right way up. This means that, in stead of just the top of the pot surviving, we probably have almost the whole urn intact.

Thursday 19^th September
Day 54 – Just a small team today, Bill, Chris and John Trippier with Ben joining later.

Bill continued with his work in Trench 3a on the SW side, digging down through the mottled clay and burnt layer in the newly exposed area on the northwest edge of the trench. This was to see if he could find the edge of the stony layer and see which way it was going. Cutting through the mottled clay layer he realised the burnt layer was non-existent here, just a thick layer of blackish soil. As he cut through this he eventually found what he was looking for i.e. a good representation of the stony layer. It was continuing in the same direction but switched back when it reached the edge of the trench. This confirmed that the seemingly isolated stony layer in this area was not a separate cairn, just a sort of isthmus of stones extending from the main stony layer.
He also discovered what seemed like a a small stake hole in the underlying soft sandy clay (shown just to the right of the vertical scale rod in the photo).

Chris, Ben and John continued the work on the northeast side of Trench 3A where fragments of cremated bone had been turning up. Chris worked on the two large stones which Bill had exposed the previous week, now labelled F12 (F11 being the supposed cist). Having discovered the cavity underneath the second stone, Bill had noticed the general area below contained a lot of small stones embedded in the underlying soft sandy clay. Chris therefore investigated the area on the other side of the second stone. Here he discovered an area of similar small stones (and even some burnt wood). Ben meanwhile worked on the area around Feature F10 trying to define its extent while John worked on the area next to Feature F6 where John Needle had found cremated bone fragments. As John T worked down through the soft sandy clay, a well- defined patch of dark brown sandy clay emerged. From this patch he was able to pull out a trowel full of cremated bone. This seemed to show that we had another potential burial (Chris suggested maybe placed in a long lost leather bag). As it was late in the day, it was labelled F13 and covered up – to be investigated at a later date.

Wednesday 18^th September
Day 53 – Joining Bill and Chris today were Christine, Peter, Ben and Patrick.

Peter continued working on the stony layer in Trench 3a on the NE side, particularly around the feature (F10) where fragments of cremated bone had been found. Chris meanwhile worked on the brown sandy patch next to the edge of the trench where more fragments of cremated bone had been found. It seems now that this patch could well be part of the Feature F10.

Bill and Christine worked on the Trench 3a on the SW side. The original intention of the work in this trench was to determine the limit of the stony layer on the this side i.e. if the stony layer is an isolated cairn then the edge would swing round – if not, it would continue straight across to join up with the stony layer exposed in Trench 1b. Bill therefore cut a narrow section along the northwest edge of the trench leaving a baulk showing the depth of the sandy patch that Jen had been working on. Christine meanwhile continuing where Jen had left off taking the area down to expose the stony layer below the dark brown sandy patch. This work seemed to show the edge of the stony layer swinging around particularly as Bill could find no stones in his cut. It was therefore decided to take the trench back a couple spade widths in the direction the edge was heading. In the small area he was able to take down below the burnt layer, there was little sign of the stony layer.

When Ben arrived Bill asked him to work on Trench 3 just to open up the area the Border Group had been working on by removing the topsoil from either side of the cut they had made on the northeast side. This would enable them to concentrate on chasing the bedrock edge as far as they could next time they visit. Ben also cleaned up the base of the trench in preparation for their visit.

Patrick continued working on cut on the west side of the octagonal feature (F4).

Tuesday 17^th September
Day 52 – Just four on site today, Chris, Peter, Jen and Marlene

Jen continued to work in Trench 3a on the SW side, investigating the patch of dark brown sand next to the burnt wood feature. She was able to take the area down a few centimetres through the patch to reveal it in the section.

Meanwhile Peter, Chris and Marlene continued investigating the newly exposed area in Trench 3a on the NE side, exposing more of the stony layer.

Saturday 13^th September
Day 51 – Another day for the Border Heritage Group. Today’s team included Denise, Don Wilson and Phil Cox supervised as usual by Chris with Jen joining from our membership.

Jen continued to excavate the burnt wood feature in Trench 3a on the SW side that she and Steve had been working on in the last few weeks. It would appear that the burnt wood could probably part of the burning layer that covers the centre of the site. However, it seems a little higher up, so she was examining it more closely. There also seems to be a patch of dark brown sand running next to it across the trench that we will need further investigation.

Chris, Don and Denise continued the work on the odd feature on the southeast of Trench 3. They opened up more of the area to the northeast following the line of the bedrock, which continues to that direction.  It is still not clear which areas are natural undisturbed bedrock, and which are fill made up of loose bedrock. They were now confident that they had found the bedrock floor. This could still be removed with force, but was very different to the loose bedrock fill which is easily lifted by hand. Following this floor, it was possible to pick away fill, identified by being loose and at an angle, as opposed to the obvious natural in its horizontal beds. It would appear that the feature might be larger than first imagined which could explain why we are finding it difficult to interpret.
Next time the group will continue in the northeast direction following the edge, and keep removing loose fill until the solid edges is found.

Thursday 11^th September
Day 50 – Apart from Bill and Patrick, today’s team was completely different from Tuesday. Joining them were Andrew, Steve and Colin.

Steve, having previously worked on the newly exposed area on the SW side of Trench 3a, continued were Jen had left off on the narrow strip on edge of the trench. Jen had been careful when exposing the burnt layer and whitish sandy clay underneath. Bill asked Steve to continue with this until he reached the northwest end of the trench, keeping an eye out for anything unusual. This produced a nice line in the section representing the burnt layer but significantly no underlying stony layer. With nothing else to see, Bill asked him to take the section down as far as the original trench depth so that the section could be drawn adding to the section recorded the previous year.

Andrew carried on were Peter left off on the newly exposed area of Trench 3a on the NE side, trowelling through the burnt layer to reveal the stony layer below. As cremated bone had been found in a couple of place, he restricted his trowelling to a 30cm wide strip along the northeast edge of the trench.

Meanwhile Colin was asked to deepen and widen the area on the southeast edge of the newly exposed area. This was to see if a pit feature could be detected associated with the cavity underneath the large stone. This proved inconclusive as, although there were a lot of small stones compacted locally underneath the cavity, it was difficult to detect if they were lying in a pit cut into the surrounding soft sandy clay.

The general consensus is that the mottled clay lay is the result of turfs cut from the surrounding area as revealed by banding showing up in the trench sections. The turfs would have been cut from the thin layer of soil (not having been ploughed) lying on top of the general boulder clay found in this area. Chris has been checking of the formation of the turfs noting in some areas the focus of deposition seems to be the central sandy clay mound. Another aspect is the fact that they seem to have been place upside-down supporting the that the theory that the belief at the time was that the afterlife was below ground. This was why cremation urns were often placed upside-down (turfs on the Winter Hill cairn were recoded as being placed that way).

Patrick continued his work on the octagonal feature (F4) taking down and widening the section on the west side of the feature. He has now gone beyond the level of the apparent stone base detected inside the feature without finding any evidence of it outside. Frustratingly the wall of the feature is not clearly exposed, in fact there seems to be a clay protrusion near the base with some cremated bone in it. There is also no sign of a pit that the vessel (if that’s what it is) has been placed in but we are finding it difficult to image the mottled clay layer being deposited around it. The latest theory therefore for this very odd octagonal feature, is that it is a clay-lined pit which was used over and over again to bury the dead.

Tuesday 9^th September
Day 49 – Rain came later than predicted so it was decided to have a late start (11.30). Joining Bill, Chris and Patrick today were Peter and Jen with Martin joining in the afternoon.

First of all we all gathered around original Trench 3 to inspect the work done by the the Border Heritage Group the previous Saturday on the odd feature outside the ditch. Despite more of it being exposed, the question of whether this was a natural or manmade was still not clear. There seemed to be a general feeling though that it was more likely to be manmade. Chris said he’d moved from 50-50 to 60-40 suggesting it was an early attempt at the ditch, the stony fill coming from the creation of the actual ditch. Without any finds, the only aspects of the feature to suggest it was manmade, was still the straight edge of the bedrock and the loose stones of the fill. Bill therefore was still clinging the the possibility that it could well be natural, these seeming manmade aspects being the result of tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of years of glacial activity.

Returning to our main area, Patrick continued with the numbering and removing of stones from the central mound, while Jen worked on the newly exposed area on the the SW side of Trench 3a. It was decided not to touch the the burnt wood area so a 30cm wide strip against the southwest edge was taken down a few centimetres. This produced more burnt material which was likely to be the usual burnt layer. The layer below was a whitish sandy clay, matching the result from last year’s excavation there which could be seen in the section.

When Marin arrived he was given the task of extending the half section in the sandy patch in the newly exposed area on the NE side of Trench 3a. This was near were Peter had been working on and around feature F10. Peter was able to expand F10 much further although it still wasn’t clear what it represented. He was able to reveal the usual stony layer under the burnt layer.

Over the weeks Chris had been placing the cremated bone fragments from these and other areas in little plastic boxes, giving each area a B number (B11 for the sandy patch, B12 for F10). Bill recorded the position of all the other B numbers.

When Bill joined Peter, he worked around the large stone near F10 protruding through the burnt layer. As he worked around it, it grew larger and found that it butted up against another even larger stone. This second stone was quite near the southeast edge of mottled clay, so he cut through the edge to se if he could determine the thickness of this second large stone. As he got closer to the stone small loose stones (black in colour) began to emerge which easily fell away leaving, to Bill’s surprise, a cavity under the large stone. Patrick as it happens had his endoscope in the car which he promptly retrieved so that we could have a glimpse at the interior. This however didn’t reveal much inside but later, as Bill was clearing the loose around the entrance, he was able to recover fragments of cremated bone and charcoal. This confirmed that we had another burial feature (labelling it F12).

Saturday 7^th September
Day 48 – This was another Saturday arranged for the Border Heritage and Archaeology Group from Cheshire. Today’s team included Denise, Don Wilson and Phil Cox. Joining them from our group were Chris, Patrick and John Trippier.

Patrick extended the section outside the octagonal feature (F4) to the trench wall. This was to try to identify the relationship of the red/black line to our feature and see if we can determine if there is a cut which the feature was placed in. The result wasn’t clear as the section next to the feature looked very complex.
Further work required here.

The Border Group continued the investigation at the southeast end of Trench 3 which they begun last week. After extending the trench on the NE side, it became clear that the edge found 2 years ago continues in that direction. Cleaning on the opposite side showed that the ditch feature did not continue in that direction. The bedrock floor was also cleaned showing that there is no sand layer or loose bedrock. Interestingly, the sand fill and loose stones ran over the top of the straight edge for a short distance. If this is a man made feature that has been deliberately backfilled with rock, then it was over filled. The team are looking at returning next Saturday for a 3^rd visit.

John Trippier continued the investigation into the potential cist. After discussing with Chris, another layer of stones was numbered and lifted to reveal the layer beneath. After cleaning, the next set of stones were identified for removal next week.

Chris worked on the sandy patch discovered by Susan that had produced cremated bone in the newly exposed area in Trench 3a on the NE side, trying to understand its nature by cutting a half section through it.

Thursday 5^th September
Day 47 – Bill was back form his hols and joining him today were Chris, Patrick, Jen, Marlene, Susan, Francesca and Ben.

The large area of burn wood Steve and Jen were finding in the newly exposed mottled clay layer in Trench 3a (on the SW side) continued under the northwest edge of the trench. Marlene, Jen and Francesca therefore worked together to remove another layer of of turf from that edge. Once this was done they cleaned the surface of the mottled clay layer. In the area of the burnt wood the surface was trowelled down to reveal more burn wood.

Patrick and Chris meanwhile continued with the scheme to number stones from the central mound before removing them one by one.

Susan meanwhile continued working on the feature (F10) in the NE side of Trench 3a extending it into a half section. She still couldn’t see any sign of the burnt layer which lay just below the surface everywhere else around the feature.

On the Saturday previous, the Border Heritage Group had worked on the odd feature on the southeast end of the original Trench 3. Their work had revealed that the cleaned up vertical rocky edge of the feature continued under the northeast wall of the trench. Therefore when Ben arrived, Bill asked him remove the the spoil heap that lay over this edge. When this was done Bill helped him to remove an area of turf ready for the Group’s next visit.

Tuesday 3^rd September
Day 46 – Joining Chris today were Chris, Jen, Steve, John Needle and Susan.

Jen and Steve continued on from last week working on the newly exposed mottled clay layer on the northwest of the stony layer on the SW side of Trench 3a. Once the area had been cleaned up and recorded with photos and LiDAR they carried on with the work. With trowels replaced with small brushes and wooden tools, they ever so carefully removed the sandy material away from the visible fragments of burnt wood to reveal several more chunks of burnt wood.
On cleaning, the wood appears to be in an almost circular patch, with another area of wood appearing towards the northwest side of the trench. It will probably need another line of turfs to be taken out to see more of this newly identified area.

In the last few weeks, loose fragments of cremated bone have been discovered on the north side of Sondage S6. Prior to this, cremated bone has only appeared on the south side of the sandy clay mound. These fragments at first appeared to just be in sand, so John was tasked with clearing the area to try and identify more subtle features that could be related to the cremated bones.

Although they were appearing at different levels, John identified a patch of darker fill at a lower level that had a higher concentration of fragments. This will need further investigation and again we may need to remove another line of turfs to get a better understanding of this NE side of Trench 3a (although an important peg, Peg 3, will need to be retained).

Susan meanwhile carefully cleaned the surface of the mottled clay layer of the newly extended trench on the NE side of Feature F10. Another patch of sandy material within the mottled clay layer turned up which may be where some of the loose fragments of cremated bone were coming from. On Saturday Dan had quarter sectioned Feature F10 the patch of light sandy material that had been producing a few fragments of cremated bone. The question was, how does this patch relate to the red and black layer that surrounds it. Finding this out would enable us to determine the feature’s timeline. It was not visible in the quarter section as the quarter section was too small to see the details at depth, so Susan was asked to open up the feature into a half section.
This work was partially completed, but already it has started to look very interesting, with a possible unusual stone layout being revealed. A few more fragments of cremated bone were also recovered.

Chris continued working near the possible cist feature (F9), clearing the sandy material out from between the newly exposed stones ready for them to be numbered and lifted.

Saturday 31^st August
Day 45 – Today was specially arranged for colleagues from Border Heritage and Archaeology Group from North Wales / Cheshire. They included Penny, Phil, Don, Gill, Cathy and Denise joining our own members Chris, Patrick and Dan.

The Group had been challenged to investigate the odd feature that lies outside the main ditch on the southeast side of the original Trench 3. After cleaning up the vertical rocky edge of the feature, they managed to clean down to a depth of 1m where they found solid bedrock similar to what we found in the main ditch. The fill material they removed was mostly small sandstone slabs in an orange sandy fill.
Further work is required to follow this up, and the team may be able to return next Saturday.

In Trench 3a, under the expert supervision of Phil Cox, Dan quarter sectioned the almost circular patch of light sandy material containing cremated bone (Feature F10) which was discovered earlier in the week.
We expected to find the usual red/black layer quite near the surface, but there was no sign of it. Again, this will have to be explored further next week to understand what the feature is.

Patrick continued working on the octagonal feature (F4) which has so far produced over 20 boxes of cremated bone. He extended downwards the slot on the outside of the feature, which revealed the outer wall. This was to determine if a cut could be seen in the mottled clay (so far none had been detected suggesting the feature was installed at the same time as the mottled clay layer) or even a large stone which Patrick suspected supported the feature. Surprisingly, a small amount of cremated bone was found outside the wall of the feature, including a possible small fragment of a tooth. However, further investigation under a microscope showed this ‘tooth’ was almost certainly a stone.

Wednesday 29^th August
Day 44 – With the weather improving we had a great turnout with nine on site. Today joining Chris were Jen, Patrick, Peter, John Needle, Steve, John Trippier, Marlene and Francesca.

Peter picked up where Colin, Christine and Chris had been working on Wednesday.  As the patch of light-coloured sand they had discovered containing cremated bone, was heading under the edge of the trench on the northeast side, a further two lines of turf were removed. The light-coloured sandy patch was now showing as roughly circular. Just to the southeast of this feature (now being referred to as Feature F10) a large flat stone surprisingly turned up.

Meanwhile John N and Francesca worked on cleaning up the southeast end of the original Trench 3 in preparation for a Saturday digging session. The trench has not been worked on for two years and was part of Season 1 work determining the course and nature of the ditch.
At the time we found a ditch feature outside the course of the main ditch that potentially could be an outer or abandoned ditch. It was filled with stone rubble instead of the usual ditch fill so it could be natural. Investigation will resume on Saturday when colleagues from Border Heritage and Archaeology Group from North Wales / Cheshire will be paying a visit.

Steve and Jen spent the day cleaning the isolated stony layer on the SW side of Trench 3a. It was decided to strip back the turfs on the northwest side of the trench by about 80cm. This would determine if it was indeed an independent cairn (which would be very interesting), or maybe it just links up to the large stones in the adjacent Trench 1b. After exposing a large area of the surface of the mottled clay layer, they discovered a large patch of burnt wood near the surface of it. There appears to be at least one large branch. Significantly this was not far from where we found two of our burial features.  We will continue to excavate this feature very carefully next week.

When John Trippier arrived he was very interested in the potential cist (F9) comprising of large sandstone slabs with a cavity running through it.
Chris had done some analysis of the history of this area, by using the weekly drone survey images (which are much more accurate now that we have had the GPS position of our site markers measured). This showed that the darker stones running around the western edge of the mound were covering some of the cist slabs. With this information, a plan was hatched to remove these darker stones to reveal more of the cist underneath. As these darker stones could be part of a structure, we decided on the order we would lift the stones and number them so that we can reconstruct the feature at a later date.
This process was slow going as when each level was removed, the newly exposed sand had to be carefully cleaned out to see the larger stones beneath. This process to be continued next week.

On the southeast side of the sandy clay mound, work has been continuing removing the sand from between the stones of what seems like a large stone cairn. This was to expose the layers below. Chris has been working in this area on and off, but today in the morning Marlene worked on it, with Janet taking over in the afternoon (see below).
Marlene had brought with her a set of spoons, including a long handled small spoon, which were ideal for the job in hand.

Wednesday 28^th August
Day 43 – Just three brave souls today, Chris, Colin and Christine. We had a lucky break as the 48 hour spell of rain ended (sort of) 10 minutes before we started.

All three worked together to extend the area on the northeast side of Sondage S6 by about half a metre, removing the turfs to expose the mottled layer. Surprisingly more cremated bone turned up in a sandy patch within the mottled layer.
Only a couple of hours of digging today due to the weather.

Wednesday 21^st August
Day 42 – Chris (in charge for the next two weeks while Bill’s on in hols) was joined today by Peter, Colin and Marleen.

Marleen continued working on cleaning the isolated stony layer on the SW side Trench3a which which Chris was thinking could be the base of a cairn. Peter and Chris meanwhile continued cleaning the area around the potential cist (F9) in Trench 3a exposing some more large sandstone slabs.  Although some of these seem to be ‘floating’ in the sand on their own, when digging underneath some had supporting stones.

Colin continued to clean the newly opened section just to the north of Sondage S6. The usual stones were found directly under the red and black layer. However, a patch clear of stones appeared in the corner which contained fragments of cremated bone. Further investigation will be required to see where these bones are coming from.

Rain stopped play shortly after lunch.

Tuesday 20^th August
Day 41 – Just six on site today. Bill was back for one day (before away again for two weeks) and joining him were Chris, Andrew, Patrick, Peter and Colin.

Andrew continued with the work started by Steve on the stony layer on the SW side of Trench 3a. It was thought this are might develop in to another significant feature (maybe a cairn). It was early days but there didn’t seem to be large stones similar to the ones discovered in Trench 1b. Although the patch seemed circular, Bill pointed out that he had cut through the stones on the southeast side so that he could record the section. Andrew however did recover a small flint which Peter and Chris thought could be a tool.

Andrew later worked on the southeast side of the sandy clay mound where there seemed to be a stones bordering the edge of it, particularly on the southeast side where some of the large stones where lying horizontally (suggesting a structure).

Bill did some more work on the new section on the southeast side of the second urn, uncovering more of what we’re coming think is a stone-built cairn. No big stones revealed this time just a mass of small ones.

Colin worked on the newly exposed NE side of Trench 3a removing the mottled and burnt layers. This revealed an almost continues stony layer, just a patch in the northwest side having no stones in it. Digging into the stony layer revealed it to be quite a deep section.

Peter was asked to extend Sondage S6 in northwest direction as this was another are devoid of embedded stones stone under the stony layer. Chris meanwhile worked on what was left of the baulk on the northwest side of the possible cist feature (F9) (keeping the covers over it for protection). There was some discussion as to how the cavity in it could have formed and survived over the years without a stone slab over it. Peter said that when the area was first uncovered, there were embedded stones above the broken slab, but none supporting the sandy clay in the area of the gap. Chris confirmed this situation as he worked down through a layer of embedded stone towards the cavity, but when he broke through into it though, it was just sandy clay. A cavity under the broken slab is logical but it seems strange that a void could develop on its own with nothing supporting the sandy clay. One possible option, worth giving a thought, is that there was something in the void when it was created which over the years has disappeared (hopefully the material in the bottom will give us a clue).

Patrick as usual worked on the octagonal feature, moving further around the other side of the strange central branch. Lying under this and a band of charcoal, Patrick was discovering pockets of cremated bone. These seemed to be separate burials, making him think this feature, how ever it was constructed, was used as a family funeral plot, reused over a number of years.

Wednesday 14^th August
Day 40 – Joining Chris today were Jen, Patrick, Peter, John Needle, Colin and Steve – same as the day before but with John instead of Miles (on seeing the latest weather forecast, Thursday’s digging had been cancelled and brought forward to today).

John continued the work done yesterday by Chris cleaning what appears to be a stone cairn on the southeast side of the mound. Steve started work in the afternoon on a the seemingly isolated patch of stones on the SW side of Trench 3a that we had found and recorded last summer (Day 23) . Encouragingly, as he cleaned away the sandy material between the stones another layer of stones appeared underneath showing that this could turn into another substantial feature.

It was felt that we needed to carefully explore above the northeast end of the cavity discovered last week before working any further in that area. Peter and Jen continued to work on defining the unexpected stones in the mottled layer above this end. Having cleaned the area around the northeast end a clear patch began to emerge. Patrick, Jen and Colin then removed another spades width of turfs on the northeast side of this trench to better understand this area. This will be continued next week.

Tuesday 13^th August
Day 39 – With Bill on is hols again, Chris was back in charge. Joining him were Jen, Miles, Patrick, Peter, Colin and Steve (another good turnout).

At the end of the previous week, we had removed the topsoil above a large cavity we had discovered in Sondage S5. There was and area of small stones under the topsoil which were recorded and before being removed.

Using a selfie stick, Chris managed to get his phone into the cavity and record an image looking down the full length of it. At the southeast end there was a large sandstone slab running across the top of it but the cavity itself seemed to be empty. A large strip of bubble wrap was then placed on the floor of the cavity to protect it from any material falling in from the excavation above.

It was decided that everyone would be working around Sondage S5. Peter and Jen continued to carefully remove the material above the roof of the cavity until they reached the large sandstone slabs. Colin and Miles worked on the periphery of S5 clearing the sandy material between the stones, and Steve worked on the area to the South of the large grooved stone.

Patrick worked again on the octagonal feature (F4) carefully removing the bones and burnt material to expose more of the interior.

As usual with this site, once again, the story was more complex than expected. At the southeast end of the cavity there was indeed a very large sandstone slab with a crack running down it which looks looks like it has been broken due to the weight of the overlying material. It was shown to run under the sandy clay mound so must be earlier than it and the second urn. The northwest end of the cavity did not have a roofing slab, just a collection of stones that must have been wedged together to support the roof. In the image you can see the blue bubble wrap put in to protect this area. This feature (now labelled F9) could well be the remains of a cist destroyed before the sandy clay mound was created.

Sunday 11^th August
Not a dig day but Mark Adams (one time acting County Archaeologist for Mersey side) kindly offered his services by coming along with his GPS system. He recorded the positions of all of our yoghurt clad datum pegs as well as the locations of some of our important finds. He sent the results to Bill who passed them on to Chris who will find them very useful with the rectifying of his drone images (these have been a bit hit and miss recently as the area covered is getting larger).

Wednesday 7^th August
Day 38 – Seven on site today, with Chris and Bill were Andrew, Jen (who’d stayed over in her campervan), Marlene, Colin and Patrick plus John Trippier who joined in the afternoon after Marlene had left. The weather wasn’t as rainy as predicted but the tent did come in handy just after lunch when spells of drizzle arrived.

We were all still excited about our latest find i.e. the large cavity under the baulk in Sondage S5. We soon realized the only way to investigate it further would be to remove the overlying baulk. However this would mean loosing the evidence in the section showing the rising Sandy Clay Mound but we knew this had been well recorded. We decided therefore to go ahead cautiously removing the topsoil the reveal the mottled clay layer and the change to the sandy clay of the Mound. After yesterday’s interview with the BBC it thought expedient to record on video for prosperity (maybe it could be used for a Digging for Britain one day). We decided we couldn’t wait for our resident thespian (Patrick) who was still to arrive, and tried to recreate the moment of discovery ourselves. When reviewed later by Patrick, he said the footage was acceptable and wasn’t too appalled at the ham-acting (he’d certainly seen worse).

With the theatricals over, Colin and Jen (with Bill’s help) got down to removing the topsoil. By late afternoon, with the last of the topsoil removed, the interface between the mottled clay layer and the sandy clay of the Mound could be clearly seen. However the expected burnt layer, lying between the two, fail to show up. What could be seen though, was a clump of small stones embedded in the mottled clay close to we’re it gives way to the sandy clay of the Mound (not sure what it represents though).

Andrew continued working the the new trench (Trench 10) where he’d been asked to see if he could find the bedrock underlying the hard dark stony clay layer. After some hard digging he eventually found it lying about 1.25m below the current surface (this corresponded with its depth in Trench 1).

Before she left, Marlene worked on the northeast side of the central Mound looking for the edge of the embedded stones. Christine had started in this area last week but had failed to reveal any stones after removing the overlying stony layer (untangling the overlying stones from the embedded stones is certainly going to be a challenge as we move towards the centre of the Sandy Clay Mound).

After he’d finished in Trench 10, Andrew relocated himself to the south corner of Trench 3a where John had been working the previous day looking for the edge of the embedded stones on this side. When John Trippier arrived, he quickly caught up with developments and then join Andrew again looking for the edge of the embedded stones, this time on the west side of the central Mound. We do have an edge here so John was tasked with seeing how far it could be traced around to the northwest. Patrick as usual continued with his work on the octagonal feature (F4) extracting more bone form the bottom. He also started looking at the side wall on the east side where an internal wall seems to branch off it. He was even thinking the wall is in fact a spiral but how that matches with the base of the vessel he didn’t know, especially as some bone fragments seem to be lying under the branch (a lot more work to be done here).

Tuesday 6^th August
Day 37 – Fair turnout today with eight of us on site. With Bill and Chris were Andrew, Jen, Colin, Steve, John Needle and Patrick (joining just before lunch).

We were also joined by Jacqueline from BBC Radio Manchester who was keen to do a piece about our project for the radio. Bill therefore spent sometime taking her around the site explaining what we had discovered over the last two and a half years. Chris also contributed by talking her through the preciously few artefacts we had found and, when Patrick arrived, he was able to tell her about our latest vessel currently being excavate. She seemed very interested and mentioned that the article would probably go out at weekend of following week.

While Bill carried on with the interview everybody else got stuck in with their various tasks. Steve, helped by Andrew, continued working on Test Pit 10 where it seems like we have found the limit of the mottled clay layer. Expanding it in in an easterly direction would enable us to check on the extent of the stones seemingly embedded in the the sub-soil. It would also give us the opportunity to check on the nature of the interior as we get closer to the edge of the Ring Ditch (just a few metres away). The trench was therefore extended a further 2m (and now renames Trench 10) and soon became clear that the embedded stones were quite localised with none showing in the new extension, just the usual bright orange soft sandy clay we see all over the interior lying under a line layer of sub-soil. Lying below the soft sandy clay however a harder, darker, stonier layer began to emerge which could represent the original ground surface. It was however unlike the compacted stony clay we had seen in the other trenches.

Meanwhile in Trench 3a Chris continued working in Sondage S7 where Jen had left off and John continued with his work in the south corner digging down further into the soft sandy clay lying under the burnt and mottled clay layers. Last time John had notices a dip in the burnt layer (roughly where the vertical measuring stick is in the photo) and directly under this was an area of very soft sandy clay (which he though may perhaps represent another feature of some sort).

Jen and Colin worked on the other side of Trench 3a with Colin in Sondage S5 and Jen in Sondage S6 which contains our large fossil stone (carrying on where Marlene had left off). This revealed more stones in the bottom of the trench and a suggestion that the stones showing the sidewall could be much bigger and therefore part of the stone collection on the other side of the baulk in Sondage S5.

On the other side of the baulk, Colin continued where Miles had left off, cleaning the loose sand from around the stones. This seem to confirm the randomness of the the medium sized stones positioned in the sandy clay which Miles’ work had suggested. Later in the afternoon however, while working next to the baulk (in the pocket surrounded by near vertical stones) something quite surprising emerged. As he removed some of the small loose stone, a large cavity was revealed going under the baulk. This was large enough for him to get his arm in holding a brush. The cavity seemed to be held up by a capping stone and it was soon realised that it was part of the much smaller void previously discovered on the other side of the leaning stone (Day 18). It was so deep it almost reached the other side of the baulk and seemed to confirm that the stones seen in the sidewall of Sondage S6 were part of the same feature. This was quite an exciting find as there’s a chance that it could be the hoped for primary burial cist (although not where it was expected).

Before leaving for the day Bill put the tent up read for the next day which had predicted showers (which also meant he could leave his equipment there overnight).

Thursday 1^st August
Day 36 – We were fortunate with the weather this week enabling us to offer a third day which was justified by a great turnout. Chris wasn’t available but Joining Bill were Peter, Steve, John Needle, Christine, Miles and Jen, with Patrick joining before lunch. We also had a visit from Mark Tildesly and his friend to give us moral support and to catch up on our activities.

Jen continued with the work in Sondage S7 expanding it to reveal more embedded stones. She was also able to expose more of the mottling in the soft sandy clay particularly on the northeast side, showing it had some depth to it. On the other side of the trench, she seemed to have reached the limit of the stones although more could be seen further towards the centre going deeper.

Christine meanwhile worked in Trench 3b where it meets up with the edge of the Sandy Clay Mound area (further to the northeast of Sondage S7). It was hoped that by removing the overlying stony layer the edge of the embedded stones would be revealed. This did not happen indicating that the edge must be further towards the centre moving around to the east.

Miles was given a similar job on the west side of the Mound extending the cut originally made by Steve Taylor last year, towards the northwest. As he removed the overlying stony layer, embedded stones began to emerge. The result though wasn’t as conclusive as hoped as the emerging stones were randomly placed and isolated in the sandy clay.

John continued where Dan left off in the south corner of Trench 3a removing the rest of the mottled clay and burnt layers. This revealed a small area of the stony layer just behind the large boulder but apart from that the were no more stones to be seen, just the underlying soft sandy clay (with just a few random small stones in it).

Peter meanwhile worked on the southeast flank of the Sandy Clay Mound removing the stony layer in the hope (as with Christine) of finding the edge of the embedded stones. The edge again was proving elusive but, as he worked his way into Trench 3c, patches of whitish clay began to emerge similar to the patch at the edge of the trench (which continues into Sondage S5 extension in Trench 3a).

Patrick continued with is work on the octagonal feature (F4) in Trench 3a exploring the southeast side of it. This is seemingly where a second vessel wall extends from the inside wall of the vessel on the northeast side. Patrick was still removing small flecks of cremated bone but could see larger pieces at the bottom of the vessel.

Finally Steve was given the job of extending Test Pit 10 in an effort to find the extent of the mottled clay layer. Previously (on Day 31) Andrew had extend the test pit in stages eventually reaching Bill’s original test pit but still the mottled clay could still be seen in the section. Bill’s test pit, which had been back filled, hadn’t been fully cleaned out, so Steve’s first task was to do that. It wasn’t clear whether the mottled clay layer existed in this part the test pit but the stones that Bill had come across, were evident in the bottom part of the section. Bill therefore asked Steve to expand this part of the test pit to examine these stones – like the stones discovered last year (Day 41) in Trench 1c, they seemed to be embedded in a sub-soil rather than under the mottled clay layer. Some of these stones were quite large and had a greenish tinge reminiscent of the stones in Trench 1c. Bill therefore retrieved a sample from Trench 1c comparison. This showed the stone from Trench 1c to be paler than the stone from this trench, although of the same in structure (in fact these stones matched stones from the ditch bedrock in Trench 1). To clear up the issue of the extent of the mottled clay layer, Bill asked Steve to cut the corner off the test pit to give a section more or less looking south. This seemed to reveal the end of mottled clay, giving way the a sub-soil which contains the stones previously mentioned (mirroring the situation in Trench 1c). The north section wall also seemed to show the end of the mottled clay layer.

Wednesday 31^st July
Day 35 – Just five on site today – joining Bill and Chis were Colin and Dan Taylor with his daughter Cathy.

Chris continued working on the new section on northeast side of the Sandy Clean Mound (now called Sondage S7). On the previous day Janet had come across a patch of what seemed like mottled sandy clay (similar to the layer above the burnt layer). Chris was able to open up more of this area revealing more of the mottled sandy clay. It was however still quite soft with no sign of burning. Chris continued exploring the area closer to the centre showing the the embedded stones continued at depth in that direction.

The previous day’s work on the southwest side of the Mound had revealed embedded stones extending along its border. To explore this further, it was decided to cut bank the trench a couple of spade’s width in the southwest direction to see how for these stones went. Dan was tasked with this job and with Bill’s help, soon had the turf removed and by the afternoon had got down to the burnt layer below the usual mottled clay layer. He was also able to uncover the huge boulder which seems isolated in the underlying soft sandy clay.

Dan’s daughter was tasked with cleaning around the stony layer on the southeast side of the Mound and our other new starter, Colin, continued cleaning the section wall adjacent the the octagonal feature. The reason for doing this was to expose the burnt layer (or at least the bottom of the mottled clay layer) to help establish whether the octagonal feature had cut through it into the underlying layer. The previous day Colin had revealed a strange feature (F8) cutting into the underlying soft sandy clay and, as it was close to the octagonal feature, there was some speculation about whether it was related it. Unfortunately after cleaning section didn’t give us any answers as more convolutions emerged with no clear line defining the end of the mottled clay layer. (It is interesting to note that the material immediately next to the wall of the octagonal feature, exposed by Patrick, showed no sign of the mottled clay being cut into. This suggests that the vessel was placed first and then the mottled clay placed around it.)

Tuesday 30^th July
Day 34 – Great turnout today with eleven on site at one time or another. Join Bill and Chris were Andrew, Steve, Marlene, Heather, Jensen, Francesca and new starter Colin Russell with Patrick joining just before lunch. When Heather and Jensen left soon after lunch, another new started, Janet McCarthy arrived.

Bill had waited for Janet to arrive so that he could give both new starters the obligatory tour of the site. Previously Bill had given Colin the task of cleaning the area around our first urn which had developed a thin layer of moss growing on the surface. Janet’s first job was to continue where Heather and Jensen had been working cleaning around the stones on the southeast side of the Sandy Clay Mound.

The new cut in Trench 3a which Peter had been working on was not making much sense as stones where appear both above and below the burnt layer (where this could be seen). There were also small patches devoid of stone. Bill asked Steve and Andrew therefore to extend the trench this time in the southeast direction, eventually breaking into the main Trench area. This would enable us to see the relationship between the established stony layer in the main trench and the patchy stone layer in the new cut. This revealed, with some relief, the usual pattern of stony layer lying under the red and black burnt layer, all under a layer of mottled clay.

While Steve and Andrew worked on the new cut, Marlene was tasked with cleaning the section wall of the adjacent Sondage S6 so that this area could be better understood.

Meanwhile Chris continued working on the new section on northeast side of the Sandy Clean Mound. As he trowelled down more stones were revealed and gratifyingly the were sloping towards the centre of the Mound matching the stones revealed in Sondage S5 extension. Later in the afternoon Chris asked Janet to trowel the area between the new section and Sondage S6. However she had to stop as, amongst the soft sandy clay, a strange mottled clay patch appeared which contained flex of charcoal.

Francesca was asked to work on section on the other side of the Mound, cleaning out the soft sandy clay from between the stones. It was becoming clear here that, lying under the top stony layer, there were no embedded stones in the area towards the centre of the Mound. However a bank of large stones seem to be developing bordering its edge – it would be interesting to see how they relate to embedded stone groupings in the other areas (Bill is hoping he can produce a plan showing this). This area of stones was now adding to the theory that the embedded stones were placed first before the Sandy Clay Mound was deposited.

Patrick when he arrived, continued with his usual work on the octagonal feature (F4) – this time working on the opposite side of the section. It is apparently obvious that the vessel (which we now believe it to be) had been placed in a cut in the mottled clay layer, as its depth seems well below the burnt layer. To confirm this, Colin was asked to clean up the adjacent section wall to reveal the position of the burnt layer. This didn’t produce the expected results as the burnt layer was proving elusive with a strange mottled clay-like feature developing in the underlying soft sandy clay. Colin was therefore asked to clean up the bottom of the trench and trowel it down around the strange feature (labelled F8). This revealed the feature to be fairly localised (similar to F6 ins S5) and not related to the nearby octagonal feature. Before finishing for the day Bill asked Colin to cut through the partial circular red clay feature Chris had uncovered the week before. This showed that it seemed to widen as it went down but had very little depth to it and within a few centimetres had completely disappeared.

Wednesday 24^th July
Day 33 – Joining Chris today were Peter, Francesca, John Needle and Patrick. Thankfully a slightly fresher feel to the day than Tuesday with building cloud cover.

Peter continued off from the previous day by extending the cut in Trench 3a where previously he had seen an area of burning. This continued along to the northeast, but was now looking more likely to be a linear feature. It may well be the edge of the large area of burning we observed last year near the large grooved stone.

Francesca and John picked up on the work that Jen and Miles had been doing the previous day working on the new section on the northeast side of the Sandy Clean Mound. Having carefully removed and boxed the last of the material (including cremated bones) from Feature F5, they removed the sandy clay to expose the layer of stones below. This produced mixed results. At the southeast side of the Sandy Clay Mound, near Urn 2 where Chris and Peter had previously worked (Sondage S5 extension), there were indeed more stones sloping down in the right direction (towards the centre), given weight to the central cairn theory. On this northeast side however the results at this stage were inconclusive.

Having finished clearing the area to the northwest of Feature 4 on Tuesday, Patrick was now able to carefully approach the edge of the feature itself. After removing the outer dark layer (which proved to have little substance) the orange coloured exterior was exposed, confirming our suspicion that it was indeed another urn. Once the external face of the urn was visible, Patrick then removed the last of the contents from the inside in this area to confirm that this edge of the urn was a vertical drop approximately 1cm thick. The entire exercise was videoed for the record.

We left the site early in the afternoon just in time to miss the approaching rain.

Tuesday 23^rd July
Day 32 – Bill being away this week, Chris was in charge. Joining him were Dan, Jen, Miles, Patrick and Peter.

Chris and Peter continued to work on the new cut in trench 3a where a dip in the red/black line had previously been observed in the section (Feature F6). There was another possible vee shaped feature at the back of this sondage so another 2 turfs were cut back to explore this. More high stones were exposed with a large circular patch of burning. This would be explored further on Wednesday.

Jen and Miles continued to work in the section in the northeast side of the Sandy Clay Mound exposing the stones embedded in it. Having cleaned and exposed stones in this area, it was decided to open a new section closer to the centre of the Mound to see how it related to the stones on the southeast side (i.e. the possible stone cairn near our second urn which was suggested on our Day 23 visit). The progress was slow going as they had to carefully remove material from a section of Feature F5 (the short strip of pyre material with cremated bone).

Patrick, having found a suspected base in the octagonal feature (Feature 4), has started started to clean the area to the northwest of it so that he could eventually approach the outer surface of the feature. He had observed dark lines in the mottled clay layer, perpendicular to the centre of the Sandy Clay Mound. He suspects that this dark bordering dark bands (frustratingly not seen in the end section) may be the decomposed grass layer of the turfs which had been placed turf-side down over the mound (this pattern can also be seen in the northwest section wall of Trench 3a). As he continued cleaning the area he uncovered a new partial circular red clay feature (Feature F7).

On checking past images we could see that this had been observed when the octagonal feature had been discovered back in February. It had very little depth to it, so probably not another urn.

Thursday 18^th July
Day 31 – Joining Bill and Chris today were Andrew, Miles and Jen with Ben and Patrick joining later. We also had a visit from a new member Adam McCann who is in his final year at UCLan studying archaeology with a particular emphasis on the Neolithic (which could prove quite useful). As Bill gave him the usual site tour, he mentioned that the academics at his uni would certainly be interested in or site.

Although it seems (in Trench 3C) we had established the limit of the stony layer on the east side of the central area (and perhaps the burnt layer), we still hadn’t reached the limit of the mottled clay layer in that direction. Bill hadn’t seen the mottled layer in the test pit he had dug in that area (Day 22) so it was decided to put another test pit in (TP10) about half way between the test pit and the furthest extent of Trench 3C. Andrew, who was tasked with the digging it, soon revealed the mottled layer under the top soil so his test pit was extend. This produced more signs of the mottled layer so the trench was extend again. Eventually he reached Bill’s back-filled test pit but still the mottled layer could be seen (not sure how Bill had missed it). This is surprising as we are now only a few metres away from the ring ditch.

Jen was asked to carry on were she left off last time exposing the stones embedded in the Sandy Clay Mound on its northeast side (creating a section in it). She had to be careful as she was getting quite close to the feature (F5) which Chris had previously looked at containing dark brown material and cremated bone. As she eventually reached the feature, carefully trowelled it down, removing and storing the bones as she went. It was noticeable moving closer to the centre, the embedded stones seemed to be diving down into the Mound.

Mile was asked to continue were Dan had been working the previous day in the section on southwest side of the Mound, taking down and extending it into the original cut made by Steve Taylor last year. At first it seemed that there was a layer of darker material at the bottom of this cut. However it was soon realised that it was the result of the cut having been exposed for so long to the elements (in fact holding water during wet periods). It soon disappeared after more trowelling and there was no sign of it in the section wall. Mile did however came across some random stones embedded in the soft sandy clay.

Chris was keen to explore the developing features behind F6 in the new cut in Sondage S5 and when Ben arrived it was decided to extend the cut in the northeast direction with a smaller cut through the new vee-shaped feature on the northeast side of the cut. It was early days but it seemed to reveal more stones in this area.

As it seems we had reached the bottom of the octagonal feature, it was thought that perhaps we should be looking at the side walls of the vessel (if that’s what it is). It was obvious that the depth of it went well below the depth of the mottled clay layer. Before cutting a section through it therefore, Patrick suggested trowelling down the outside (on the northwest side) to see if it gave any clues to its construction. As he was doing this he was able to investigate any patterns in the layer indicating how it was made up (assuming turfs, in which direction they were laid). A couple of thin black bands were soon revealed travelling northwest from the feature (difficult to see in the photo). These seemed to move to the southwest as he trowelled indicating the bands were diagonally placed in the layer (similar to the bands seen in the northwest wall of Trench 3a). This suggests the turfs were placed initially against the Sandy Clay Mound, gradually moving away from it as more turfs were added (frustratingly Patrick couldn’t see this pattern in the side wall of the area he was trowelling).

Wednesday 17^th July
Day 30 – Just a small turnout today with just Steve and John Needle joining Bill and Chris. Patrick arrived just before lunch and Dan Taylor came to help came in the afternoon. First off though, a 9 strong contingent of visitors arrived from the Borsdane Wood and Rayner Park Friends Group arrived. Bill gave them his usual site visit for which they showed great interest, marvelling at this nationally important monument lying on their doorstep.

Meanwhile in Trench 3b, the extent of the stony layer had still not been found. it was decided therefore to extend it once again in the southeast direction, although this time just a half metre wide cut. Steve, helped by John, was tasked with the job and at last it seemed the limit of the stony layer had been revealed. However the exact edge was not clear as the layer just seemed to dissolve into a scatter of random stones (as had been the case in general in the adjacent trench, Trench 3c. While Steve finished cleaning the stones in the extension, John spent some time re-cleaning the stones in the area of the original Trench 3b cut. This revealed some small pockets devoid of stone, matching the situation experienced generally towards the edge of the layer.

Chris continued investigating the strange feature in Sondage S5 (now referred to as Feature F6). Having achieved an initial plan of it (seemingly circular) Bill suggested a cut through it so that the section at 90^o might reveal its 3D shape. This did seem to show that the feature was conical in shape, the fill of which, although similar in appearance to the general mottled clay layer, seemed significantly harder. Tracing the burnt layer also became difficult and a new small vee-shaped feature appeared in the northeast end of the cut. There also appeared to be a lot of stones in the area with the ones on the southeast side showing both above and below the burnt layer.

Patrick was able to continue excavating our strange octagonal feature and was at last able to declare that he thought he’d found the bottom of it – the surface was hard and seemed to have the same feel as the side walls.

Dan when he arrived was directed towards the section on the southwest side of the mound having sufficiently dried out after the recent rain. It was now becoming clear that there was a band of dark material lying under the stony layer, not directly under it but separated by a thin layer of sand. This band though was lying on top of the usual soft sandy clay and the only stones embedded in it where located at the extreme southwest end of the section.

Thursday 11^th July
Day 29 – Joining Bill and Chris today were Andrew, Steve, Miles, Jen (who had stayed overnight in her campervan) and Ben with Patrick joining just before lunch.

Although there had been heavy rain over night, Bill was grateful to see that the tent had survived with no damage. The rain had left standing water in some of the sondages which would mean heavy going. Chris therefore, instead of working in the section on the southwest side of the Mound, turned his attention to the feature appearing in the section in Sondage S5 (this maybe a significant feature as it seems to be the first that cuts into the underlying sandy clay and also seems to be at the point of transition from the stony layer to the stones embedded in the Sandy Clay Mound). Ashley had previously suggested that we first looked at the top of it to get a general idea of its plan and then do a half section (depending on what we found in the plan). When Ben arrived, he took over with this task taking a half-metre square cut across half of the feature. As he worked down through the mottled clay layers, he came across flat stones and shapes which he though could be features. Bill however just thought they we just the typical random patterns we had always been getting in the mottled clay layer. Chris recorded it anyway just in case before Ben carried on going down. As he reached the burnt layer, a tell-tale circle began to appear which Chris thought was defining the plan of the feature.
Next time out we will cut a half section through it to get an idea of its shape.

Bill spent some time recording the side wall section of Sondage S1 in Trench 3c so that he could complete his drawing of it. While doing this, he asked Andrew to expand the sondage at the southeast in an attempt to chase the curving feature discovered by Marlene last time out. To do this he took a half metre square out of the corner where the feature was heading. After going through the mottled clay layer he hit on the burnt layer which seemed merge into the curved feature. However as he trowelled down, the curved feature seemed to disappear showing that it was quite shallow and probably just part of the overlying darker brown soft sandy clay layer (frustrating Andrew who has spent all day on it).

Jen carried on the work being done by Heather and Jensen the previous day, cleaning the stony layer on the east side of the mound. When Patrick arrived, he resumed his usual slow delicate work on the octagonal feature, removing more burnt bone and charcoal.

Steve meanwhile, help by Miles, continued clean in the stony layer in the newly exposed extension to Trench 3b. It soon became obvious that the edge of the stony layer had still not been revealed. it was therefore decided to widen the trench once more in the southeast direction by another spades width. As before , the surface of the mottled clay layer was recorded before being taken down to reveal the underlying stony layer – and, as before, this failed to reveal the edge of it.

While we had lunch Chris carried out and drone survey and later Frank turned up with some planks and another board to help with access across the site trenches. Marlene also arrived, not to dig but to show her friend the site (Bill obligingly giving her the site tour).

Wednesday 10^th July
Day 28 – Good turnout – Joining Bill and Chris were Andrew, Steve, Marlene, Jen, Christine, Heather and grandson Jenson. With the weather being unpredictable, Bill decided to put the tent up again and, as we planned to be there on the next day, he was hoping he would be able to leave it up.

Bill was still struggling with the connection between the general stony layer and the stones embedded in the Sandy Clay Mound. Chris therefore suggested that the stony layer east side of the Sandy Clay Mound should be cleaned which Heather and Jenson tackled (Jenson excitingly finding a small void under the stones). Chris also asked Jen to explore the area on the northeast side of the Mound to see how far the embedded stones went. This revealed more large stones at depth.
Chris himself carried on looking at the section through the Mound on its southwest side.

No more work had been done on the Sondage S5 extension since the discovery last month (Day 24) of a large stone at depth. Removing more material from it had not been possible because there was an area rich in charcoal and burnt bone immediately above it. this area had recently suffered some damage an some fragments of bone had dropped out. It was therefore decided to focus some attention on it. Andrew, helped by Christine, therefore collected the loose bone fragments, boxed and labelled them before trowelling the area around it. This seemed to reveal the extent of the charcoal rich area which encompassed the area around our second urn.

Meanwhile Bill asked Marlene to trowel down Sondage S1 in Trench 3c and clean up the section so that he could have another attempt at drawing it. This section is proving to be particularly difficult as there was much more going on than the usual mottled clay, red and burnt layer on top the the stony layer sequence. The section at the northwest end is particularly important as it is hoped that it will show the relationship between the stony layer, the stones embedded in the Sandy Clay Mound and the underlying Soft Sandy Clay. On close inspection though it still wasn’t clear which followed which or whether they are all contemporary. However it did seem to show a separation between the Stony Layer and the embedded stones indicating possibly two separate events.

The other end of this trench was also proving to be difficult to analyse. Although the stony layer had disappeared, it had been replaced by a deep layer of darker brown soft sandy clay. At its deepest, as she trowelled down, Marlene started to uncover small cobbles, each completely covered in black (presumably) charcoal. They seemed to be part of what appeared to be a slightly curving feature in the underlying soft sandy clay. It was also at this point, in the section, that the mottled clay layer ended to be replaced by a layer of what appeared to be subsoil. Towards the end of the trench the burnt layer had disappeared and the layer of darker brown soft sandy clay below it had thinned out leaving just the deep layer of underlying soft sandy clay (this was not necessarily uniform as it had areas of lighter coloured material and some flecks of charcoal in it).

Steve continued cleaning the stones in the widened Trench 3b. It was soon obvious the edge of the stony layer still hadn’t been reached – so Bill asked him to widen it again by another spade’s width in the southeast direction. After trowelling through the usual deep layer of mottled clay and the crust red and burnt layers, the underlying stones began to be revealed. It was now becoming clear where the edge of the stony was but the limit of it had still not been reached.

As Chris was leaving for the day he got permission from Frank (the farmers dad) for us to leave the tent up (this meant Bill could leave his equipment on site).

Thursday 4^th July
Day 27 – Weather prediction was for a windy but clear day – it turned out anything but, raining on and off all morning (only clearing after lunch) and, if it wasn’t for the gazebo (with additional side tarp), our volunteers would have been soaked, particularly during their lunch break. Braving the day’s weather with Bill were Andrew, Steve, Francesca and Ashley Brogan with Patrick joining just before lunch.

This was Ashley’s first visit of the year, so Bill gave her an in-depth update on the site developments. She was intrigued by the stratigraphy shown in the sections, particularly the one going through Sondage S5 where there is a cut of some sort in the underlying soft sandy clay (near to were John and Chris found cremated bone under the stones). The cut is filled with some sort of mottled clay and topped by the burnt layer which dips into it. Ashley suggested cutting into the bank to produce a plan view of it and then do a half section.

This would require a bit of effort so Bill asked instead if she would trowel down the section in Trench 3c on the same alignment as the section in Sondage S5 extension. This would give us another chance us to investigate the junction between the overlying stony layer and stony layer embedded in the Sandy Clay Mound (SCM). After removing some of the overlying stones more stones were revealed seemingly embedded in the edge of the SCM (and maybe a separation between the two).

Francesca continued working at the area where Peter had started looking on Tuesday next to Sondage S5 extension – and was very excited to discover more fragments of cremated bone.

Steve continued removing the remnant of the mottled clay layer in Trench 3b to reveal more of the underlying stony layer. Just before reaching the stony layer though, he came across more evidence of the red crusty layer lying on top of the burnt layer. Much of the scattered stones here were making the edge of the stony layer difficult to define. Bill therefore ask him to go back to the area previous revealed in this trench, which needed cleaning and then work back towards the new area exposed. This would hopefully reveal the edge.

Andrew carried on were Marlene left off in Trench 3C, taking the mottled clay layer down to the stony layer. The stones here were again more scattered with no obvious edge.

Patrick when he arrived carried on with his work on the octagonal feature in the Trench 3a. Bill had previously been showing it to Ashley, cleaning around the edge to reveal its shape. He therefore took the opportunity to photograph it so that he could start a detailed drawing of it. Ashley agreed our approached to its excavation was right but suggested a section through the side wall would be needed at some stage to help define the feature.

(Just before lunch Ashley was surprised by a visit from her parents and her sister’s  four year old, who wasn’t impressed with the cold weather.)

Tuesday 2^nd July
Day 26 – Another great turnout, eventually eleven volunteers on site today at one time or another. Join Bill and Chris were Peter, Marlene, Steve, John Needle and John Trippier, with Patrick, Martin, Heather and grandson Jenson joining later.

The edge of the stony layer in Trench 3c did not seem to be lining up with the layer showing further down in Trench 3b. Bill therefore asked John Needle to join Steve with his work expanding Trench 3b (started last time out). Bill then gave John Trippier a general update on progress before asking him to continue where Francesca had been working, taking down the Sandy Clay Mound (SCM) on the southwest side of Sondage S5.

Peter and Chris continued their work in Sondage S5 extension, Peter taking the soft sandy clay down below the large stone previously discovered – eventually reaching a harder clay which could be the natural.  He then had a look at widening the southwest side of this sondage starting from the top, though his progress was slowed when he came across more cremated bone.

While Peter worked on Sondage S5 extension, Chris turned his attention to Sondage S5 itself (on the northwest side of our second urn) investigating the area around the cut in the soft sandy clay uncovered last time by John. He recovered more cremated bone from under the stones where John had previously found some.

Meanwhile Bill had another go setting up the newly bought tent which he managed to get fixed after his last attempt ended with a broken pole. The wind wasn’t anything like as bad today so it went up quite easily and proved to be very convivial during our lunch break.

After lunch Chris started work on the section through the rising mound on the southwest side of our second urn. This had originally been created last year to investigate the the relationship between the stony layer and underlying SCM. Unexpectedly another layer stones had been detected lying embedded in the SCM. Hopefully this section, which is part of the section running northeast to southwest through the SCM, will help us to understand the overall sequence of the site’s construction.

Meanwhile in Trench 3c, the stony scatter was not showing a clear edge, so Bill asked Marlene to work on the northwest end of the baulk left in Trench 3c. This was, first to reveal the mottled clay layer so that it could be recorded, then to remove it down to the underlying burnt layer. Marlene, with Bill’s help, was able to remove the remnant of the top soil down to the mottle clay layer which was recorded ready for its removal next time out.

When Martin arrived, Bill asked him to take down the southeast end of Sondage S2 in Trench 3c so that he could get a clearer view of the section. Also some whitish banding here was causing some confusion here and then a small unexplained void in the soft sandy clay (too late in the day to investigate).

As we were clearing up for the day, we had a visit from Frank (Nick the farmer’s day) with his wife and another lady. They were absolutely fascinated with our excavations and Frank promised to bring more boards up for us to help protect the site and help with access across the trenches.

Saturday 29th June
Day 25 – This week we managed to squeeze in a Saturday visit giving volunteers (and visitors) a chance who not normally are able to attend during weekdays. Despite the drizzly conditions, we had a decent turnout, with John Needle, Ben and newcomer Dana Gaskell joining Bill and Jen (Dana is a professional archaeologist but spends much time in the office doing research so this is a great opportunity to keep her hand in and offer us her expertise).

Bill started with the requisite site tour for Dana but was soon joined by Jim Meehan who had brought two guests to see the site – Anne Hurst and partner Les (Anne contacted Bill nine years ago with information about the lost interiors of Standish Hall, which enabled first Andy Lomax and then Jim to successfully discovery the final whereabouts of them).

After the tour, Dana, joined by Ben, began removing the mottled clay layer and burnt layer from the newly exposed Sondage S1 extension in Trench 3c. Jen meanwhile worked on Sondage S5 in Trench 3a carrying on where Patrick left off and John carried on where Martin left off along the section between Trench 1b and 3a.

The original Sondage S5, where Jen was working, is quite an important area, as the section shows quite clearly the rise of the Sandy Clay Mound (the dull wet day providing a better opportunity to get a good photo of it). Jen worked on the area next to it (on the line of the section cutting across it that Bill had previously created). She working from the top this time carefully removing the sandy clay, hardened by the recent hot dry weather, to reveal some stones (but not many – early days though).

John however was able to get down to some depth in the recently exposed soft sandy clay in Sondage S5 and was able to reveal something we hadn’t seen before – – i.e. what seemed to be a pit cut into the sandy clay which had then been filled with the mottled clay layer – even burnt and stony layer seemed to follow into it. The pit seemed to coincide with the change from the general layering of stones on top of soft sandy clay and the embedded stones in the central Sandy Clay Mound. John also started to find fragments of bone, not in the pit but in the soft sandy clay to the right of it going under the stones. The sandy clay here was slightly darker in colour but there was no associated charcoal however (just one small piece turned up). As usual the pieces were boxed and retained on site but John thinks there are more pieces lying under the stones.

Ben and Dana’s work on the S1 extension in Trench 3c was revealing the edge of the stony layer showing quite a remarked change in direction (almost 90^o ) enabling it to line up with the gap revealed last time at the entrance to S2. Dana was then asked to carry on where Steve had left off cleaning the newly revealed stony layer at the entrance to Trench 3b. The showed, as expected, the edge of the stony layer changing direction again, to perhaps line up with the edge exposed at the other end of Trench 3b.

Finally Dana cleaned up the far (southeast) end of S2 (where Steve had previously dug down). It’s not clear yet what is happening here as, although below the burning layer, we still seem to be in the mottled clay layer containing the whitish clay banding seen in S1 (more work to be done).

Wednesday 26th June
Day 24 – Great turnout today with eventually nine volunteers on site. Joining Bill and Chris were Andrew, Peter and Steve with Dan, Martin, Ben and Patrick joining after lunch.

Much stonework has been revealed in the extension of Sondage S1 in Trench 3c but it was still unclear why there was a big difference between the edge of this stony layer and the scatter Sondage S2. Steve was therefore asked to clean up the area in Trench 3a at the entrance to S2 just to locate exactly where the edge of the consolidated stony layer was. This revealed a gap at the entrance showing the edge heading towards Trench 3b. This didn’t seem right as, at the far end of Trench 3b, where the trench opened up, the stony layer stretched all across the width of the trench. It was therefore decided to take the corner off the entrance to Trench 3b to see if the trend continued. Meanwhile Andrew (helped by Ben when he arrived) was tasked with widening S1 extension by another 75cm so that the edge of the stony layer could be understood.

Bill carried on recording the section through Sondage S5 in Trench 3a and Sondage S1 in Trench 3c using a probe to ‘feel’ for the original ground surface. It was noticeable in S1 that there were patches of whitish clay in the mottled layer.

Chris and Peter continued with their work in the Sondage S5 extension. Chris carefully excavated the area next to the second urn where he had detected burn bone amongst the charcoal deposits. This did not produce another pot but Chris though it might be the contents of our second urn which had spilled out. An exciting discovery though was a large stone deep in the sondage lying horizontal which looked perhaps structural instead of the usual tumble of stones (as Chris has been removing the stones from this area he has been recording them on his iPhone in 3D so that he can digitally rebuild this important area of the Sandy Clay Mound).

When Dan arrived he was asked to look at the area on the northwest edge of S5 to see how deep the large stones went. When Martin arrived he was asked to look at the pocket of soft sandy clay lying further to the northwest of where Dan was working to check if there were no underlying stones. When Patrick arrived, as a change from his usual work on the octagonal feature, he did some work on the area immediately to the northwest of our second urn continuing where Bill had left off the previous week. In contrast to the area where Chris was working, this area of Sandy Clay Mound was completely devoid of stones. Before finishing for the day Peter made a start on widening the S5 extension so the the structure of this area could be better understood.

Tuesday 25th June
Day 23 – Joining Chris and Bill today were Andrew, Peter, Steve and John Needle.

Steve helped by John worked on the Sondage S2 in Trench 3c. Stones had appeared on the northwest side lying underneath the burning layer for about 1.3m in but further trowelling revealed them to be just a scatter. There were no stones after that so Bill asked for the the soft sandy clay to be taken down in this area to check there were no stones lower down and also reveal the depth of the mottled clay layer in the section. Later Steve worked on Sondage S1 (on the other side of Trench 3c) digging a 1m section on the southeast side down through the soft sandy clay. He reached a depth of about 1m below the surface without revealing any change, except perhaps the soft sandy clay appearing to become more stonier.

Meanwhile Andrew work on cleaning up the stony layer revealed in the extension to S1. The stones seemed to be heading away from the centre and not matching up with the stone scatter in S2. It was therefore decided to widen the extension by another couple of spade widths. After revealing the mottled clay layer (which as before was showing no signs of horizontal banding) the surface was taken down through the crusty red and black layer to reveal the stony layer below. This showed the stony layer levelling off but also getting less pronounced, getting more like a scatter. Further cleaning of the stones in this area was making it more difficult to determine the edge of the consolidated stones and stony scatter (although the stones in general were larger than the ones revealed in Trenches 1a and 1b).

Chris continued his work on the Sondage S5 extension widening it so that he could go deeper. He was still getting stones all the way across on the northeast side of the section but they seemed to be disappearing on the other side of the section. Peter therefore extended a section from this section along the southeast wall of Trench 3a to check if this trend continued (which it did). This area is now presenting a clear distinction between the stony layer underlying the burnt layer, and the stones embedded in the Sandy Clay Mound (could this be the edge of a possible central cairn).

Bill meanwhile worked on Trench 1d (later helped by John) finishing the ditch wall on the inside edge down to the bedrock floor. This has enabled him to get a better idea of the ditches trajectory and thus the shape it in this area.

Thursday 20th June
Day 22 – On the team to day were Chris, Bill, Peter, Steve and Miles with Patrick joining as usual just before lunch.

Steve joined Chris in Sondage S1 while young Miles joined Peter in Sondage S2. In both trenches, the dark red-coloured layer, overlying the burnt layer, was showing quite prominently, presenting a hard crusty texture (similar to an iron pan). After having been recorded it, trowel commenced to reveal the underlying stony layer. In both trenches the sections became quite clear revealing the line of the red and black burning layer (although not so much in the photography with the intense bright sunlight).

In Sondage S1 the blackish line could be seen quite clearly rising towards the edge of the trench as it climbed up onto the sand clay mound (then truncated by plough soil). This is another important area that may help to explain the development of the site as it’s the point where the general stony layer seems to give way to a stones embedded in the Sandy Clay Mound. S1 was also now showing a clear edge to the stony layer, stopping well short of the edge of the burnt layer. In this area the burning layer was getting confusing as it seemed to be integrating itself into the mottled clay layer (this layer continuing right up to the end of the trench)

Bill spent some time using a line level recording the section he had revealed across the Sandy Clay Mound a couple of days before. Probing this area was showing the Sandy Clay Mound to be as much as 1.25m below the current surface. Later he was helped by Miles to set up the dumpy level and record of the section at 90^o to this section (just the ground profile at that stage – a survey using a line level would follow).

Meanwhile Chris started work on the part of this 90^o section continuing where Francesca had left off (Sondage S5 extension). As he worked his way into remove small stones and soft sandy clay, more large stones began to appear in some cases revealing cavities between the stones.

Patrick continued with his work on the octagonal feature removing more cremated bone and charcoal material to be bagged and labelled (more bags and bigger boxes having arrived for the purpose).

In the afternoon Chris did another general drone survey of the site. Before starting, Bill decided another peg would be useful on the east side of Trench 3C (9 metres southeast of Profile 1 and 12 metres northeast of Profile 2). He struggled though to get the peg in as he was hitting stone with the auger. He persevered though and breaking through the stone, the auger seem to plunge another half metre with out any effort. In his optimistic mind Bill was thinking maybe it was a stone capped void of some kind. He therefore decided to do a quick test pit to satisfy his curiosity. Disappointingly his promised feature did not materialise – there being just a small collection of stones (similar to the ones embedded in the subsoil on the northwest end of Trench 1b) and the void was just the soft sandy clay we have been finding all over the site’s interior (ah well, worth a try – the new peg was put in at 11 metres from Profile 2).

Wednesday 19th June
Day 21 – Joining Bill and Chris today were Peter, Phil Livesey, Francesca and newcomers Heather Pyke and grandson Jensen, with Patrick joining just before lunch.

Bill gave Heather and Jensen the requisite site tour, while Phil joined Chris with his work on Sondage S1 (i.e. the southeast extension in Trench 3c). Peter meanwhile continued with his work in Sondage S2 on the opposite side of this area. By afternoon he had got down to the red and burnt layer and was experiencing the same crusty texture to the red layer as in Sondage S1.

After their tour, Heather and Jensen were given the task of trowelling the southeast edge of Trench 3a in preparation of the excavation of the adjacent trench. Meanwhile Francesca was asked to continue cleaning the stones revealed in the section (Sondage S5 extension) created by Chris immediately southeast of our second urn (this section would enable Bill to record a full section through the presumed centre of the mound).

Phil and Chris (and later joined by Peter) were making some headway in Sondage S1 removing the red and black burnt layer revealing the underlying stony layer and also preparing the section for recording. At each sage of the last few sessions Chris had been diligently recoding the findings with his drone and LiDAR system on his iPhone.

Bill continued were Marlene left off on the southwest side of Trench 3b digging down into the underlying soft sandy clay. He also extended the cut towards the Sandy Clay Mound (SCM) until he hit the stones embedded in it. He was trying to reveal the difference between the stony layer lying directly under the burning layer and the stones embedded in the SCM but he was not sure that he had achieved this with this section (will need to extend it further into the SCM).

Before leaving for the day, Heather and Jensen were shown the progress of the excavation of the octagonal feature. Patrick explained that the pieces of cremated bone were getting large the further down into it he went, one of his latest pieces being what seemed to be a fragment of a skull. The burnt wood at the bottom was also getting more distinct revealing layers at 90^o to each other.

Tuesday 18th June
Day 20 – Great turnout today with 10 site. Joining Bill and Chris were Andrew, Peter, Dan, Francesca, Steve, Marlene and new starter Miles Flanagan (studying Bioarchaeology at York Uni) with Patrick joining just before lunch.

While Bill gave Miles a site tour, Chris and Dan continued with their work on the southeast extension to Trench 3a (i.e. Trench 3c Sondage S1) – Peter opened up a new trench (Sondage S2) on the opposite side of this area removing the rest of the topsoil down to the mottled clay layer. After his tour Miles joined Peter with his task.

In Sondage S1, with the mottled clay layer removed, Chris and Dan were able to reveal the red and black layers. This wasn’t straight forward however as the section revealed convoluted lines of this burnt layer. Also particularly noticeable was the texture of the red layer which was like a hard crust covering the black burnt layer. Also the limit of the burnt layer seemed to have been reached about two thirds way along the trench, although the mottled clay clay continued to the end of it. As Chris delicately removed the red and black layer, the underlying stony layer began to emerge. It was early days but it seemed to suggest that the limit of the stony layer wasn’t far in from the northwest end of the trench (there were more stones further down but these seemed to be just a general scatter). It was therefore decided to widen the trench in this area by a further 80cm to see if the trend continued. The mottled clay layer soon appeared, recorded and then taken down to the crusty red and black layer.

Meanwhile Marlene and Francesca were tasked with cleaning up the stony layer on the southwest side of Trench 3b in preparation for the stones removal so that the section could be understood and recorded. This area is of particular interest as it’s where the burning and mottled clay layers rise up onto the Sandy Clay Mound (SCM) only to be truncated by the plough. The underlying stony layer seems to disappear at this point but then a new layer of stones appear embedded in the SCM (this is proving to be a particularly difficult sequence to record but it doesn’t seem like the underlying stony layer has been truncated and the embedded stones appear at a lower level in the SCM). After Chris had recorded the cleaned up stones with the LiDAR system on his iPhone, Marlene removed the stones to reveal the underlying soft sandy clay.

Steve and Andrew worked on Trench 1d extending it to include the last test pit and taking it down in search of the inner edge of the ditch. By lunch time they had discovered the unmistakable side wall of the rock cut ditch and by mid afternoon the shape of the upper edge had been revealed. Gratifyingly it appeared to be in the expected projection.

Bill meanwhile worked on the Sandy Clay Mound making a cut between Sondages S5 and S6. This was so that he could complete the his section drawing across it. He found that the sandy clay of the mound was quite clean except on the northeast side where a clump of cobbles emerged at the bottom of it.

Patrick continued with his work on the octagonal feature removing more cremated bone and charcoal (it seems the further down he goes, the larger the pieces of bone he is retrieving).

Wednesday 12th June
Day 19 – Joining Bill, Chris and Patrick today were Andrew, Peter Cooke and Dan Taylor – with Martin joining at lunch time.

With the topsoil having been removed from the area on the southeast side of Trench 3a the day before, Chris was able to mark out a 60cm wide strip on the southwest side of it. He was then helped by Dan to remove the remaining topsoil down to the mottled clay layer. This revealed ruts in the underlying clay, most likely caused by modern ploughing (Chris was hoping to find horizontal directional banding on the surface which would indicate the focus the mounds construction but disappointingly none could be seen). The next step will be to remove the mottled clay thus giving an extension to the section cut through the Sandy Clay Mound (SCM).

Peter continued working on the area devoid of stones on the southwest side of the SCM. At a depth of about a metre, he eventually reached an undulating layer of harder clay. However the soft sandy did seem to be going under the stones on the edge of the SCM which seemed to disproving the theory that the SCM represented an earlier phase of construction.

Andrew continued his work in Trench 1d expanding it to expose more of the base of the ditch. Bill meanwhile took some time recording the newly exposed base of the ditch in Trench 1. As mentioned previously, its direction seemed at odds with the general shape expected. It was decided therefore to expand Trench 1d to include the next test pit along and take it down to see if the base of the ditch could be found. When Martin arrived, he joined Andrew and Bill in tackling this task.

Patrick continued his work on the octagonal feature extracting more pieces of cremated bone and charcoal (bagging and labelling everything as he went). Interestingly, in the section produced, there seemed to be some layering of the charcoal and clay. There was some thought about removing the whole feature so that it could be investigated in doors. These side walls are so fragile though, it is unlikely we would be able to remove the whole thing intact.

Tuesday 11th June
Day 18 – Another good turnout today – Joining Bill, Chris and Patrick were Andrew, Peter Cooke, Jen, John Needle and Steve Parry.

Bill asked Peter to work on the area devoid of stones on the southwest side of the Sandy Clay Mound to see how deep the this section went (it would also help to complete the section Bill was drawing along this line). Patrick continued his work on the octagonal feature extracting more pieces of cremated bone and charcoal .

Chris continued working on the the area where he found the stake hole producing a section through it. Working in Sondage S5 he came across a small void in the sidewall near to the large triangular stone. Chris put his camera in and suggested it was likely to be a mouse hole. Meanwhile Steve continued the work in Trench 3b where it seems the edge of the stony layer has been reached. Bill asked Steve to cut a section through the end of the trench (Sondage S9) so that he could record the layers. Although the well defined mottled clay layer could be seen all the way to the edge of the trench, the burnt layer seem to disappear about a metre before it. However a small section of it appeared in the end of the trench suggesting patches of burning beyond the general edge of it.

Jen continued her work in Sondage S2 S3 where Bill had asked her to see how far down she could get in the underlying soft sandy clay. She concentrated on the S3 side of the trench which, after removing the clump of small stones, she was able to take it down to almost a metre below the surface. Although the sandy clay seemed to be getting more compact, there was no obvious underlying natural surface.

John and Andrew continued were Ben had left off in Trench 1d where we were looking to expose the outer edge of the ditch. With a bit of teamwork (alternating digging and bucket duties) the bottom was eventually reached which seem to confirm the change in direction we were expecting. Meanwhile Bill spent some time on the inside edge of the ditch in Trench 1 itself exposed by Ben a few weeks before to see if its direction of travel could be established (as with the outer edge it seemed to be going away from the expected line). Andrew took over after finishing in Trench 1d eventually reaching the bottom. This however did not resolve the issue as there was no perceived change of direction – but it did reveal a sudden (unexplained) widening of the base.

Chris meanwhile turned his attention the the section running southeast from our second urn (now referred to as Sondage S5 extension in Trench 3a). This was the section Bill had asked for, to complement the section running at 90^o to it. He had already uncovered more stones embedded in the Sandy Clay Mound but was struggling to go further as cremated bone fragments were turning up as well as charcoal quite near to our second urn. One especially large piece of burnt wood appeared lying underneath one of the stones.

Later in the afternoon Nick the farmer arrived to remove the spoil heap on the southeast side of Trench 3a. Once cleared, we also asked him to remove the topsoil so that we could investigate this area, to see how far the stony layer extended in this direction (and also check if any more pots could be found).

Thursday 6th June
Day 17 – Better weather today, an early shower soon passed – slightly warmer but still windy. Joining Bill, Chris and Patrick today were Jen, Peter Cooke and Peter Kitts with Ben and John Trippier joining just before lunch.

Peter C continued to work on the extension to the area between Trenches 3a and 1b going below the stony layer to see what lay underneath and cleaning up the section. This revealed more of the test pit dug into the mottled clay layer at the end of the 2022 season. The material below the stony layer turned out to be just the usual soft sandy clay. When Bill took over in the afternoon, he used a probe to discover the depth of soft sandy clay to be over a metre. Before leaving he was able to record the section which was showing clear signs of banding in the mottled clay layer.

When John arrived he worked on the area immediately next to this section in Trench 3a where previously the stony layer had appeared to be just a scattering of stones. He revealed that an area next to the edge of the trench had a layer of consolidated stones (as had been revealed in the adjacent section). He also reveal a clump of consolidated stones seemingly isolated from the rest.

Peter K continued work on the stony layer in Trench 3b where Steve had left off the previous day. Having to leave early, Peter C took over and by the end of the day had produced (at last) a well defined edge to the stony layer.

Jen continued to work on the Sondages S2 and S3 taking them down further into the soft sandy clay below the whitish band of soft sandy clay. In Sondage S3 a clump of small stones emerged but seemed to be isolated with no obvious reason for them. After cleaning up the section Bill was able to record the section.

When Ben arrived, Bill asked him to work on the test pits next to Trench 1. Using a probe Bill had detected the possible outer edge of the ditch in the second on the test pits. He therefore asked Ben to join it up to the third test pit to give him enough room for him to take the trench down to look for the edge. At the end of the day Ben had been able to reach the edge in this new trench (now referred to as Trench 1d).

Patrick continued working on the octagonal feature (Feature 4) in Trench 3a removing more charcoal and cremated bone. Chris continued working the section he started on the previous day on the Sandy Clay Mound. He concentrated on the area next to the southeast edge of the trench where there were no embedded stones. Here he found what appeared to be a possible small stake hole. Whilst working on this section Chris noticed another small stone with grooves on it (this makes four in all).
During lunch Chris was able to carry out another drone survey.

Wednesday 5th June
Day 16 – Bill and Chris were back from their hols and joining them today were Patrick, Peter Cooke, John Needle, Steve Parry, Jen and Marlene.

Jen and Marlene were asked to work in the joined up Sondages of S2 and S3 in Trench 3a, taking them down below the whitish sandy clay so that Bill could record the section. In the Sondage S2 area, this produced a clear band of whitish sandy clay with the thin line of burning evident. However in the Sondage S3 area the whitish sandy clay seemed to merge into a mottled darker sandy clay (lying under a thin layer of mottled clay with no sign of the burning layer).

John was asked to continue working on the 70cm extension to Trench 3a which Martin had started the week before. Before starting though, Bill asked him for his help in recording the newly exposed areas in Trench 1 and the adjacent 5 test pits.

Peter meanwhile continued working on his extension on the northwest side of the area between Trench 3a and Trench 1b. By the end of the day both had reached the stony layer below the mottled and burnt layers.

Steve meanwhile was tasked with cleaning up the stony layer in Trench 3b to see if we really did have the edge of it. When he’d finished, it was clear that the stony layer in this area was certainly well defined but there were gaps emerging which could suggest we had reached the edge (more work next time).

Bill and Chris were still pondering the nature of the Sandy Clay Mound in Trench 3a and the extent of the stones embedded in it. Bill had already seen something of it with a section cutting a cross it from southwest to northeast (yet to be completed). It was therefore decided to attempt a section at 90^o through it, following the section exposed in Sondage S5 on the northwest side of it, with a section on the southeast side of it (in fact an extension to Sondage S5). Once marked out, Chris soon uncovered more stones embedded in the sandy clay but the area closest to the southeast edge of Trench 3a seemed to be clear of stones.

Patrick continued his work on the octagonal feature (Feature 4) in Trench 3a. As well as more cremated bone (with the consistency of cheese) a second wall seemed to be developing on the east side (as he works though the interior, Patrick is careful to bag and label all the material he removes so that it can be analysis at a later date).

Bill, thinking about the cold and wet conditions currently being experienced on site, had bought a tent to provide shelter from the occasional shower and wind during our lunch breaks. The tent needed to be tall enough and big enough to accommodate all diggers on site. It also had to be light enough to carry on site and easy enough to erect. With this in mind Bill had bought a 6 man pop up stile tent using flexible carbon fibre poles and he had practiced erecting and dismantling it which showed it could be done in 10 minutes. He hadn’t however allowed for the wind – battling against 30 mph gusts on the day meant it took a lot longer to erect. It did though provide good shelter from the wind during the lunch break – that is, however until a sudden gust caused one of the poles to fail (unfortunately it seems this type of tent is only meant for well sheltered camp sites).

Thursday 30th May
Day 15 – With Chris and Bill being away, another site visit this week didn’t seem to be possible. However Patrick stepped in at short notice and was able to muster enough volunteers to join him. The helpful diggers were Peter Cooke, John Needle, Steve, Ben, Martin & Ian Trumble.

Peter continued to investigate the area between Trenches 3a and 1b, by expanding it by half a metre in the southwest direction. This was initially dug down to the mottled layer, which revealed a suspiciously straight junction between the mottling and a darker soil. Check our records, this turns out to be our test pit dug (and back filled) at the end of our 2022 season (advantage of keeping good records). Further digging revealed the tops of small stones, similar to the ones seen immediately to the northeast of the new cut.

Stephen continued the work on the test pits alongside the ditch in Trench 1. These were expanded and now the central pits show much more clearly the presence of ditch fill.

John and, later, Ben, worked the ditch in Trench 1 removing the rest of the collapsed material. Their excavations showed an interesting cross-section to the ditch fill, where a dark layer could be seen about halfway between the bottom of the ditch and the surface. Close examination showed charcoal in this layer. This seemed to confirm a secondary fill (or maybe a re-cut) detected when this trench was excavated.

Martin extended Trench 3b towards the northeast by a further 70cm and got down to the mottled layer, while Ian carried on the work done last week by Susan in Trench 3a, carefully removing fragments of cremated bone. Many small pieces were found and one large but very fragile piece.

Patrick worked again on the octagonal feature (Feature 4) in Trench 3a. This is now showing signs that the wall is curving inwards, indicating that it is likely bowl-shaped (though the wall is very thick). There is a great deal of burnt wood inside the pot (if that’s what it is), and more bone found and placed in a plastic pot. One larger piece of bone (visible as a white spot in the bottom left of the excavation in the picture) was very carefully removed.
Close examination of this bone by Patrick and Ian led to the conclusion that this was likely a section of rib from a neonate.


Tuesday 28th May
Day 14 – It’s amazing that today went ahead as the weather forecast was grime. However with Bill on is hols again and Chris only available the one day, it had to be today or perhaps not at all this week. Despite the short notice Ben, Steve and Patrick were able to join Chris for a late start (11.00 due to the rain).

After deciding that it was not practical to work in the trenches for safety and damage to the archaeology, Ben and Steve conducted a coring survey 2m on the northwest side of Trench 1 to see if we could get any indication of the course of the ditch. Not surprisingly the results were not at all clear, but the core nearest the spoil heap on the northeast side suggested that the bedrock had been reached. To confirm this, a test pit (15cmx15c) was opened to remove the top soil and get a view of the top layer. This revealed compacted clay with a few pebbles in it, but clearly outside the course of the ditch. A further 5 small pits were opened to show what was immediately under the top soil. This was ditch fill, apart from the 2^nd pit which looked a slightly different colour to the ditch fill. Further work required.

Chris briefed Patrick on all the activity that had taken place over the last few weeks, then carried out a drone survey of the Trench 1 area. Patrick then worked on the octagonal feature (Feature 4) in Trench 3b. As well as the small piece of cremated bone previously detected, Patrick was able to identify a ‘clay’ feature which seemed to be surround by a dark material.

Saturday 25th May
Day 13 – The weather this week has been bad (apart from Tuesday it’s been a washout). We therefore decided to do a Saturday. Despite the short notice, the turnout was quite good – joining Chris were John Needle, Ben, Marlene, Christine, Jen and Susan.

Ben and John continued the investigate the course of the ditch in Trench 1 which seems to be heading in the wrong direction i.e. North instead of North-west. We did think about doing a coring survey but with the extra resource today. it was decided to extend the trench in the area of the inner ditch wall by 1m.

Initial thoughts were that the natural pinkish stony material of the natural was being to show in the corner of the trench and, as yet, no sign of the ditch turning.

In the morning, Jen, Marlene and Christine worked on cleaned up the southeast edge of Trench 3a. This was to see if the large jumble of stones seen on the northwest side of the the central Sandy Clay Mound could be replicated on this side. Susan was tasked with collecting and respectfully storing the fragments of cremated bone that are showing in this area. By afternoon no new larger stones had been uncovered. It was therefore assumed that the edge of the mound (if there is one) was probably under the spoil heap (Bill has already spoken to Nick the farmer about moving the spoil heap further to the southeast).

Meanwhile Chris spent some more time cleaning up the area on the northwest side of the Sandy Clay Mound where he was finding more vertically stacked stones approaching the centre. At this stage it still isn’t clear if the stones closer to the centre (i.e. the ones embedded in the Sandy Clay Mound) are resting on stones beneath, but seems possible.

In the afternoon Jen joined Chris clearing more small stones from the area to expose more possible features.

Tuesday 21st May
Day 12 – Great turnout today with 10 volunteers on site. Joining Chris and Bill were Andrew Wilcock, Peter Cooke, John Needle, Christine Morton, Linda Harvey, Peter Kitts and new starter Steve Parry, with Dan Taylor joining in the afternoon.

Bill first gave Steve a tour of the site, then set him to work in Trench 3a trowelling the area between Sondages S2 and S3 in the southeast end of it. An unusual whitish soft sandy clay had been detected underneath the mottled clay and burnt layer in Sondage S2 but not in S3 (grey or whitish clay has been detected in other trenches but not as intense has here and not below the mottled and burnt layers). In the afternoon, when Dan arrived, he took over from Steve. Underneath the whitish clay, Dan could detect a darker sandy clay which contain fecks of charcoal (a section here might gives us a clue about what is going on).

Andrew worked on the southwest area of Trench 1b (between Sondages S3 and S4) -continuing where Bill had left off, uncovering more of the stony layer. This revealed more large stone but no more larger flat ones. It did show however that the edge of the stony layer on the southwest side runs diagonally across the trench heading towards the west entrance of the Ring Ditch.

Peter Cooke, Christine and Linda helped Chris working on the area between Trench 1b and 3a where Chris was seeing a circular feature developing centring on the Sandy Clay Mound. Chris and Christine worked on the area around Sondage S5 (the sondage which leads to our second urn). This revealed more of the large stone jumble, which seemed to go quite deep into the sandy clay.

Peter and Linda worked on removing the upper layer of small stones around the small circular feature devoid of stone to see if it could be developed. At the end of the day Chris seemed to be vindicated as the circular feature could be seen to link up with the larger area devoid of stone on the southwest side of the Sandy Clay Mound. The feature also seemed to continue on the northwest side of the mound skirting around the jumble of large stones. Later Chris worked on the area on the east side of the mound to see if he could replicate the same thing on that side.
Chris also carried on investigating the strange octagonal feature in Trench 3a (F4) trying to expose more of the cremated bone he’d detected last time out. While doing this he did notice a layer of burnt wood and amongst it he found another small piece of worked flint (possibly a tool but more likely a flake).

Meanwhile John and Peter Kitts worked on the Trench 3b (carrying on where Dan left off the week before) extending it another spade’s length in the northeast direction. A thick layer of mottled clay was quickly revealed and recorded before it was removed to reveal more stones below (noticing no sign of the burnt layer). Later in the afternoon Steve joined to help clean the up the stones and then Andrew when John left. Previously Bill thought the edge of the stony layer had been reached running diagonally across the trench. Looking at the cleaned up trench, Bill thought he still might be right as the new stones revealed are more random than the other side of the diagonal line running across the trench (something to investigate more next time).

Thursday 16th May
Day 11 – As Tuesday had been called due to the weather at short notice, it was decided to do today instead. Again the weather was playing tricks and it was decided to abandon this day as well – however not before Francesca had embarked on her bus journey. Chris therefore agreed to meet up with her on site to see if they could at least get the morning in. Rain stopped play soon after lunch but they did manage to get some interesting results.

First job was to address a Health and Safety issue – all the stones were collected up that had been placed by the sides of trenches, as they were becoming a hazard being hidden by the long grass.

After cleaning up some more stonework in Trench 3a, Francesca turned her attention to the new octagonal feature in that trench. She was able to remove more of the soil from the inside edge on the northeast side revealing more of the orange sandy clay wall of the feature. Later Chris took the section down another centimetre and the first glimpse of possible cremated bone began to appear (Chris has always thought this was another cremation burial).

While Francesca worked on the octagonal feature, Chris worked on the a small feature he had detected a while ago in Trench 3a (which he is calling Feature 5). It consists of a half- metre long, 15cm wide strip of dark material running across the Sandy Clay Mound in an easterly direction, starting from Sondage S6. The previous day’s rain had enhanced the feature and a green mould (which we had seen ton our first urn) was now growing along it, making its course much more visible. Although its section shows up in Sondage S6 (where the large grooved stone is) Chris wanted to put a cut in it half way along to try to determine its profile at that point (this seemed to reveal a V shape). The dark brown sandy clay fill is quite like the ditch fill but has a lot of flecks of cremated bone and burnt wood in it. This is in contrast to the surrounding clean sandy clay material of the centre of the mound. All the cremated bone was carefully collected and the removed fill material, bagged ready for sieving. It seems that this feature could be the bottom section of a larger feature that has mostly been lost to the plough, and an indication of what the upper levels of the Sandy Clay Mound may have contained.

Wednesday 15th May
Day 10 – Joining Bill and Chris today were Andrew, Susan and Dan with Ben joining just before lunch.

Chris was keen to develop the area exposed between Trenches 1b and 3a where he thought he could visualise a circular feature in the arrangement of the large stones centring on the Sandy Clay Mound. Having not come across any more larger stone in the area selected for small stone removal, he asked Susan to look at the small area devoid of stones which seemed to be part of the Chris’s circular feature. Before that though, Bill ask if she would straighten a corner extended from Trench 1b and remove any mottled clay from the stones so that he could record it.

Andrew was tasked with carrying on where Bill had left off in Trench 1b where, while exposing the stony layer, had come across a large flat stone. After carefully removing the rest of the mottled clay layer, Andrew was able to expose all the stones in the stony layer from Sondage S3 to Sondage S4. He came across some large stones but no more larger flat stones.

Meanwhile Dan continued his work in Trench 3b removing the mottled clay layer down the the stony layer below. We were hoping that we had reached the end of the stony layer but his worked revealed this not to be the case – looks like we will have to extend the trench once again. A curious thing though was that the burnt layer seem to finish abruptly before reaching the east corner of the trench (is this the limit of the burnt layer?).

Bill was keen to understand what was going on in Trench 1. Last week’s work seemed to suggest a sharp turn of the inner ditch wall towards the west (to line up with the ditch exposed in Trench 8) but that was not matched by the ditch outer wall. The stone in the inner ditch wall in this area however is very fragile and may explain the sharp corner in the bedrock. Cutting further into the northwest section wall seemed to confirm this as it revealed the inner ditch wall more in line with general direction of the ditch (but has to turn at some point to line up with the the ditch discovered in Trench 8). When Ben arrived, he worked on the outer ditch wall. This revealed more of the ditch wall continuing in the same general direction. It was noticeable however that there was a layer of pinkish clay near the bottom of the ditch, not seen in our first excavations of this trench. It’s going to be difficult to resolve this issue without a lot of work extending the trench in the northwest direct – perhaps a coring survey could help shed more light on the situation.

Wednesday 8th May
Day 9 – Bill back on duty today. Joining him and Chris were Ben, Peter, Jen, Dan, Susan and Christine.

Peter and Jen continued working on the area between Trenches 1b and 3a, joined by Christine and Susan. By the afternoon all the mottled clay and burnt layer had been removed revealing the stony layer covering the whole area. What is notable in this area is the size of the stones in the stony layer are generally getting larger than the general scatter as we approach the Sandy Clay Mound (SCM). Chris also seemed to think (supported by others) that a circular feature was developing in this area centring on the SCM. He could see an area devoid of stone that seemed to be heading towards the area on the west side of the SCM also devoid of stone. Before continuing therefore he recorded the area with his drone. Once done, a section of the area was selected for stone removal to see if there were any larger flat stones underneath and see if more of the circular feature could be detected . By the end of the day no larger stones appeared, just more sandy clay but how this relates to the Sandy Clay Mound has yet to be seen.

Dan was asked to extend Trench 3b another spade-width in the northeast direction to see if we could confirm the edge to the stony layer previously detected. As he cut through the mottled clay layer to the underlying burnt layer, he noticed the burnt layer seemed to disappear in the east corner.

Bill, meanwhile, worked in Trench 1b on the southwest side, taking it down below the stony layer so that a full section could be draw. This revealed some large stones and one larger flat stone (which was away from the other larger flat stones in that trench). He therefore extended the area around the flat stone to reveal its full extent (more investigation needed here as well).

In the afternoon Christine joined Ben who had been continuing his work in the ditch in Trench 1. She worked on the outer ditch wall while Ben worked on the inner ditch wall. This time Ben worked on the northwest side where the section wall had partially collapsed. It’s early days but something is looking particularly odd about this side of the ditch as there seem to be a lot of stone in the section (are we looking at another terminus? which would explain a barely perceived gap in the crop mark). Ben though was able to reveal sharp turn of the ditch wall (a turn to the west is expected but perhaps not so sharp).

Tuesday 7th May
Day 8 – Chris in charge today. Joining him were Ben, Peter, Jen and Marlene. We also had three ne starters – Christine Morton, Dan Taylor and Peter Kitts (who joined in the afternoon).

Chris started by giving Christine and Dan a tour of the site (Christine is an experienced digger having worked on sites in York). After the tour, she worked with Marlene in Trench 3a joining the two Sondages S2 and S3 so that Bill could draw the section. Peter and Jen continued to extend the area between Trench 1b and Trench 3a, removing more of the topsoil down to the mottled clay layer (the idea being to expose even more stones to see if more of the large flat stones extended beyond Trench 1b). Chris meanwhile cleaned up an area of stonework near the centre of the Sandy Clay Mound in Sondage S5. This was to expose more of the larger stones there, some of which are vertical or near vertical. He then spent some more time cleaning the new octagonal feature in Trench 3a which revealed a large area of burnt wood 3cm down.

Ben and Dan worked on the ditch in Trench 1 investigating the rock-cut wall on the southwest side, exposing more of it in a southeast direction. The ditch wall on this side is turning out to be more mysterious than we first thought as it is not parallel with the northeast wall (further investigation needed). When Peter Kitts arrived Chris gave him the obligatory tour of the site.

Thursday 2nd May
Day 7 – Another good turnout with Peter, Phil Livesey, Francesca and Linda Harvey joining Bill, Chris and Patrick. John Trippier arrived later, bringing Steve King with him (just visiting) from the Lytham U3A.

With it being Linda’s first time trowelling, she joined Francesca removing more of the topsoil in Trench 3a, extending the exposed mottled clay down as far as Sondage S3. This produced no more surprises but prepared the ground for further excavation i.e. joining Sondages S2 to S3 to expose the section for drawing.

Patrick continued exploring our strange octagonal feature. Chris, having brought his small hand-held metal detector, had been able to detect a weak signal from small areas inside the feature. However Patrick’s careful examination of these areas failed to produce anything metal. Chris’s detector wasn’t reaching more than 3cm into the feature so at lunch time he went home to fetch his normal metal detector (taking Francesca to the bus stop in Aspull as she was unfortunately working in the afternoon) . Chris’s newly charged detector was able to get more signals but these were still a bit vague and again Patrick was unable to find the source, just more charcoal and flecks of orange sandy clay.

Meanwhile Chris and Peter worked on the joining trench between Trenches 3a and 1b extending its width to one metre. This was to try to understand the connection between the large stones in Trench 3a and the even larger stone in Trench 1b. This didn’t seem to produce any more large stones but Peter had just got down to the burnt layer with stony layer still to be exposed.

Bill in the meantime helped Phil to extend Trench 3b more in the southeast direction. Previously John Needle had detected the possible edge to the stony layer and the new extension seemed to confirm that. When Phil left early in the afternoon, John took over and, by the end of the day, helped by Bill, managed to establish a well defined edge to the stones running diagonally across the extension. The burning layer however, lying under a thick layer of mottled clay, continued beyond the stones but seem to dip down in the furthest corner of the trench.

Chris finished the day with another drone survey.

Tuesday 30th April
Day 6 – Today’s team consisted of Chris, Bill, Jen, Ben, John Needle and Marlene Nolan (on only her second visit) – with Patrick joining just before lunch.

Chris explained to Bill what had been discovered the previous week in the joining trench between Trenches 1b and 3a, while Jen and Marlene got stuck into Sondage S2 in Trench 3a. Chris had asked them to extend it and trowel down to expose the soft whitish sandy clay that had been puzzling him in this sondage. By late afternoon, after removing the mottled clay and burnt layers, they had opened up a metre square area revealing the soft whitish sandy clay covering the whole area. John was keen to return to Trench 3b to continue extending in both the northeast and southeast directions to see if, once again, he could not find the end of the stony layer – and, once again, he thought he might have it in the last extension to the southeast (hope so as we’re getting ever closer to the ring ditch itself). Chris wanted to find out more about the connection between the large stones in Trench 3a and the even larger stone in Trench 1b. To do this he began incrementally widening the new joining trench. Ben meantime, spent some time cleaning off the rest of the loose material from the stones along the northwest edge of Trench 3a (which Jen complete by doing a bit of gardening to remove the weeds developed over winter). Patrick was keen to try to understand what our octagonal feature in Trench 3a was all about. He spent some time therefore delicately teasing out shaped from the interior and exterior areas. The interior was revealing blackish material with flecks of clay and small pieces of charcoal (but no cremated bone). One current theory is that it was a clay-lined basket , the blackish outer lining representing the decade material of the basket (the clay lining is too soft to have been a fired pot). Why clay-lined though – to hold some liquid perhaps? (Chris meanwhile still holds to the thought that it maybe a cremation with the bones located further down).

Bill spent his time cleaning the section in Trench 1b previously exposed by Ben so that he could record it.

Wednesday 24th April
Day 5 – Joining Chris today were Patrick, Peter and Martin.

The day was spent concentrating on the newly exposed stones in the joining trench between Trenches 1b and 3a. Chris cleaned out the trench staring in Trench 1b working towards Trench 3b. This initially revealed an edge to the small stone layer, leaving a small gap before the smaller stone layer reappeared again. Peter worked in Trench 3a removing the mottled clay and burnt layers from the stones along the northwest edge up to the sondage (S5). He also cleaned and defined the extent of the larger stones previously exposed in the sondage. There appeared to be a gap or pocket between the jumble of large stones and the stone previously exposed near the second urn. Working in this gap he managed to get down to the same depth as the bottom of the nearby large grooved stone sondage (S6).
Just to be clear, there is a distinction between the small stones we are generally finding lying underneath the layer of burning, and the larger stones in the sondage (which are still not as big as the large flat stones in Trench 1b). Also these larger stones seem to be embedded in the sandy clay rather than lying on top of it.

Patrick also cleaned out the sondage S6 to show a layer of larger stones that seem to match up with the layer Peter had found earlier. As with the day before, no stones were lifted.

The large grooved stone in sondage S6, having been left exposed to the elements for a few weeks, is showing more detail, especially in the sunlight. Some marks above the grooves are now showing ‘fossil like’ features adding to the conviction that the grooves are also from a fossil.
When Martin arrived after lunch he continued to extend Trench 3b to the northeast looking for the extent of the stone layer. He found more stones.

The day was completed with Chris doing another drone survey of the area we had excavated. Drone videos were also taken for presentations.

Tuesday 23rd April
Day 4 – With Bill away this week Chris was in charge. Joining him were Patrick, Peter, Jen, and John Needle.

John and Chris continued removing the thin layer of top soil (to reveal the mottled clay layer) in Trench 3a, southeast of sondage S8 for a further 3m (up to the end of sondage s2). John cleaned out sondage S8 to expose the white material below the red/black line. Nothing obvious showed up on the newly exposed mottled clay layer. Patrick carefully worked on the area around the new feature discovered a few weeks ago in the mottled clay layer and exposed more of the interior. It is still not clear what this feature is, but we now know that the orange profile drops vertically down at least 2cms.

Meanwhile Peter and Jen worked on opening up a trench to link the edge of the large stone area in Trench 1b to the stones in Trench 3a. This was to produce a continuous section between the two trenches to see how the large flat stones relate to the Sandy Clay Mound in Trench 3a. The previous sondage (now to be known as Sondage S5) in Trench 3a (where the new joining trench enters Trench 3a) was cleaned to reveal a collection of large stones in it, some of which were vertical, or near vertical.
The smaller stones, lying under the burnt layer in the new trench, seemed to be rising to overlay the larger stones in Trench 3a. The red/black line showing in the new section reflected this.

In the afternoon John continued to extend Trench 3b to the northeast in an attempt to find the extent of the stones.

Thursday 17th April
Day 3 – The wind had dropped but it was still quite chilly. Joining Bill and Chris today were Peter, John Needle and newcomer Francesca Usher (who has a degree in Palaeontology) , with Ben join slightly later in the morning.

Peter continued the work in Trench 1b removing the stony layer to reveal the extent of the large stones below. To do this he found he need to increase the extension in the northeast and southeast direction by 15cm (and then further 15cm on the southeast side). This seemed to produce a narrowing of the area covered by the large stones. Ben meanwhile had been asked to reduce the baulk left in the middle of the trench next to the large stony area – taking it down to the stony layer. This was to confirm (which it did) that the large stones did not continue in that direction. This extension is moving towards Trench 3a and Chris suggested we take it further so that a full section across the Sandy Clay Mound could be recorded.

John was asked to continue his work from last year expanding the northeast extension of Trench 3a (where now calling it Trench 3b). This was to see if we could establish the extent of the stony layer. He was able to extend a 1.2m wide section at the end of the trench by about another half metre. This was still producing a stony layer albeit getting less pronounced. Taking another 15cm of the northeast end of the trench seemed to confirm he may have found the end of the stony layer.

Meanwhile Francesca was given a lesson in trowelling by Chris who asked her to remove the topsoil in Trench 3a beyond the sondage (S8) he had made across this trench (next to our first urn find). This produced more banding in the mottled clay layer pointing northwards. Bill hadn’t warned Francesca about the cold conditions on site and having not wrapped up was beginning to freeze. Bill therefore asked her to continue the work on the ditch in Trench 1 where she would be out of the wind (Bill had put a small ladder in it to enable better access). She did a great job cleaning the bedrock floor and the southwest edge of the ditch which seemed to be turning inwards – more than we’d seen previously. With the collapse of the northwest wall, it would be a good idea perhaps to extend the trench in that direction to see if the trend continued).

Wednesday 17th April
Day 2 – Better day weather-wise but still a chill wind. Joining Bill and Chris were Andrew, Ben and newcomer Linda Harvey.

The previous day Ben had been able to remove the stony layer from the northeast area of Trench 1b to reveal the soft sandy clay below. Bill asked Ben to continue this work taking the level down so that a clear view of the stony layer could be seen in the section.

Andrew was asked to carry on where Peter had left of in the southeast extension in Trench 1b to expose the burning layer all away across this newly exposed area. This didn’t completely go to plan as there was little evidence of the blackish burning layer on the southwest side (but plenty of evidence of burning however with the reddish decolouration of the stony layer).

Chris meanwhile continued investigating the strange octagonal feature in Trench 3a. He was able to enhance the shape but this was proving difficult with the delicate nature of the structure. It was reminiscent of our first urn which lay nearby but seemed too large to be a pot and there were no signs of a cremation inside. Having cleaned off all the topsoil around the feature, he did however notice banding in the mottled clay layer (upper left side in the photo below). It seemed to match the diagonal banding we had seen in the section which suggest a focus of its build up facing towards the central sandy clay mould (where our second urn is).

In the afternoon, back from his hols, Patrick arrived on site to catch up on developments and to discuss the removal of the spoil heap on the south side of Trench 3a (we don’t want to move it to somewhere where we might want to later dig). He will speak to Nick the farmer next week. The day finished slightly early as both Chris and Bill we scheduled to give a talk to the Wyre Group that evening.

Tuesday 16th April
Day 1 – Good turn out for this our first day proper on site this season. Joining Bill and Chris were Andrew Wilcock, Peter Cooke, Jen Harrison and newcomer Ben Goodman. We also had Bob Sanders and Andy Lomax joining at lunchtime.

Despite the wet weather experienced of the winter months, the trenches seemed to have survived quite well (even cleaning the stonework for us to some extent). It was decided to work on expanding Trenches 1b and 3a to reveal more of the stony layer.

Andrew and Jen worked on removing the baulk on the northeast side of Trench 3a while Peter was tasked with expanding the southeast edge of Trench 1b with a 0.5m by 2m wide extension. This was to investigate the extent of the large stones discovered towards the end of last year. After removing the topsoil he was able to cut through the mottled clay layer to start revealing the blackish burning layer below.

Bill asked Ben to remove the stony layer on the northeast side of Trench 1b and some of the underlying soft sandy clay, so that he could draw the exposed section.

Meanwhile Chris busied himself cleaning and exposing more of the area exposed in our preseason visit in February earlier this year, where the strange octagonal feature had been discovered. While doing this Chris found a couple of flints, one natural but the other was obviously worked. It looked like a very small awl or perhaps a burin (these date to the Neolithic).

When Bob and Andy Lomax arrived at lunchtime, Bill set Bob to work cleaning out the ditch in Trench 1 while he showed Andy around the site. Andy then volunteered himself emptying buckets and wheel barrows. Trench 1 had suffered some collapse of the northwest side wall while the opposite wall had remained intact. By mid afternoon Bob, with Bill’s help, had more or less cleared the bottom and re-established the steep sides of the ditch. This however presented a problem for Bob getting out of the ditch. Bill decided to put some steps in the side wall but, as this was in the soft fill of the ditch, they proved ineffective which left Bob having to scramble on all fours with the help of Andy to get out.

Around 3.00pm, after experiencing our third bout of hailstone, it was decided to abandon proceedings for the day.

Saturday 24th February
A combination of good weather and the availability of Chris Drabble’s Border Heritage Archaeology Group (BHAG) from Cheshire, provided an opportunity for a preseason site visit to do some coring. The team included Don and Gill Wilson, Penny Jones, Cath Harris, Phil Cox and Chris’s partner Denise German, joining Chris, Bill and Patrick to carry out the work.

Following on from our coring exercise in the South Quadrant, we had always planned to do the same on the East Quadrant. Coring, although not definitive, has been able to give us a good idea where we have the ditch and where we haven’t. Last time it showed that the ditch seemed to be continues in the South Quadrant although there may be one or two areas where there are interruptions similar to the one in Trench 5 / 5a. Our approach on the East Quadrant was slightly different in that, instead of traversing the ditch at 1m intervals, which was very time consuming, we did one long scan south to north along a line that theoretically would dip in and out of the ditch. This, in theory, would reveal our main aim i.e. was there an entrance on the east side similar to the one on the west (which is often the case with henge monuments). Core readings were taken every metre starting 7m north from Peg 7a for 26m on a line 1.5m east of the a baseline joining Peg 7a with Peg 1. As before the material in the core wasn’t recorded, just the depth at which the corer bottomed out on the bedrock or hard natural (or not, as the case maybe if no bottom could be detected). The result seem to show that, as in the South Quadrant, the the ditch was continuous (i.e. no sign of an entrance) and more or less where we had predicted it to be. Although also as before, there were a couple of areas were there may be an interruption in the ditch similar to Trench 5 / 5a (only excavation would prove this which we will do if we get chance). We also took the opportunity to do a couple of perpendicular traverses in the middle of the scan to see if the ditch profile could be detected but the results were a little inconclusive.

It was a lovely day and, as there were so many on site, Chris thought we had the resource to look at an area in Trench 3a which he had previously identified has may provided more evidence of burials. This was at the northwest end of the area stripped of its plough soil which had not subsequently been excavated. The area is close to our first urn which was found lying just under the plough soil embedded in the mottled sandy clay layer. It was thought therefore that others could be revealed without much effort (if the existed), by removing the remnant of the topsoil. Two members of the BHAG were tasked with this and before long an area of the mottled sandy clay was uncovered stretching almost as far as the previous urn. They didn’t find another urn but they thought they might have when a strange pattern in the soil emerged. Its octagonal shape was defined by a thin band of bright orange clay and lined on the outside by an even thinner band of organic or burnt material. There was nothing in the interior to suggest it was a container of any sort and, as it was too late in the day, the feature was covered up to be investigated at a later date.

Bill, meantime, had been having a closer look at the stones with the inscribed parallel lines on them. There had been a suggestion that they could have been produced by Sigillaria a fossilised plant from the Carboniferous period. Both Chris and John Smalley had made the suggestion and John had enhanced the image of the one of the small stones to show the possibility of tell-tale ‘leaf scars’ on the ridges. Bill first looked at the large stone but couldn’t identify any further clues to its origin.
However the small stone that John had looked at certainly seems to have fossil traits, i.e. a thick surface ‘skin’ –

and in the the low sun light, nodules know as leaf scars could be seen on the ridges.
This, we discover, is similar to a tree-like fossil occurring in the Carboniferous period known a Sigillaria.

Another stone with grooves, which had previously been dismissed as natural, on reflection also looked to be a fossil.
This seemed to suggest that even the large stone, despite its manmade appearance, would also be a fossil (it certainly seems a plausibly explanation for these unique and otherwise unexplained carvings). If this is what we have, it has quite some significance i.e. having a collection of fossils in and around our burial mound. We know fossils do occur on prehistoric sites, which suggests they were perhaps venerated by the ancient peoples (who wouldn’t have known how they were created).

Towards the end of last year Phil Cox took home a stone he found on the spoil heap which he though looked a bit unusual. Once cleaned of the clay and dirt he realised it was an almost perfectly formed stone ball. Although not found in context Chris has been able to determine through his drone images that it must have come from archaeological layers around our Sandy Clay Mound.

It can be dismissed as a cannon ball as it isn’t round enough, shaped more like a tangerine and anyway the amount of work to produce it wouldn’t warrant it to be a single use throw away item. Elaborately carved stone balls are found in their hundreds, but they almost entirely found in Scotland. There a couple of dozen plain stone balls recorded but the suggestion is that these are the in the preliminary stage for future carved balls.